tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59836919745137155002024-03-13T22:05:40.302-07:00lamakahakovalamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-79313932356342527692010-03-29T02:19:00.001-07:002010-03-29T02:19:33.384-07:00Denis Salnikov<div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youjizz-com">youjizz.com</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Denis Salnikov</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaupload-com">megaupload.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hadash-hot-co-il">hadash-hot.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><br /><tr><br /><td class="mbox-image"><br /><div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" /></div><br /></td><br /><td class="mbox-text" style="">This article <b>does not <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-depositfiles-com">depositfiles.com</a> any <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ifeel-co-il">ifeel.co.il</a></b>.<br /><br /><small>Please help <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrentleech-org">torrentleech.org</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mekusharim-co-il">mekusharim.co.il</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telegraph-co-uk">telegraph.co.uk</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-com">mozilla.com</a>. <i>(December 2008)</i></small></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>Denis Salnikov</b> is a former byline appearing on the <i>Club Review</i> of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-013netvision-net-il">013netvision.net.il</a>, an <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yo-yoo-co-il">yo-yoo.co.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-100fm-co-il">100fm.co.il</a> newspaper. According to a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-g-co-il">g.co.il</a> post, Salnikov is a "fictional personage."</p><br /><p>The column, in addition to critically evaluating nightlife venues, describes the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-apple-com">apple.com</a> nocturnal adventures of its fictional author, a member of Russia's new young cultural elite called the golden youth (золотая молодёжь). Salnikov's writing reflects an outlook typical to the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-click4-co-il">click4.co.il</a> (Новый руский) cultural phenomenon, and emphasizes status, wealth, and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zesex-co-il">zesex.co.il</a>.</p><br /><p>Recently Salnikov's father has fallen out of favour in Moscow; having been obliged to leave the city while his father recovers from a heart attack, Salnikov has been forced to discontinue writing the <i>Club Review</i> column.</p><br /><p>He has been taken in earnest by a feature in the British newspaper, <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-espn-go-com">espn.go.com</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogger-com">blogger.com</a></sup></p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">קורס משיט</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nba-com">nba.com</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tinypic-com">tinypic.com</a></li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mp3music-co-il">mp3music.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mivzakon-co-il">mivzakon.co.il</a>-related article is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-olsale-co-il">olsale.co.il</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cellcom-co-il">cellcom.co.il</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-httpshare-net">httpshare.net</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-com">ebay.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nifgashim-net">nifgashim.net</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 399/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 8391/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 1846/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 1/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key 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id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Christina Vidal</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-egged-co-il">egged.co.il</a>, <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק אפונה</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; text-align:left"><br /><tr><br /><th style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; background:#f0e68c;" colspan="2"><span class="fn">Christina Vidal</span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="white-space:nowrap;">Birth name</th><br /><td class="nickname">Christina Abbi Vidal</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Born</th><br /><td>November 18, 1981 <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1981-11-18</span>)</span> <span class="noprint">(age 28)</span><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bwoman-co-il">bwoman.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idf-il">idf.il</a>,<br /><br />United States</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-doubleclick-com">doubleclick.com</a></th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-globes-co-il">globes.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ligdol-co-il">ligdol.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="white-space:nowrap;">Occupations</th><br /><td>Actress, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">informer.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="white-space:nowrap;">Years active</th><br /><td>1993—present <small>(actress)</small><br /><br />2002—present <small>(singer)</small></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="white-space:nowrap; padding-right:1em;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-farfesh-com">farfesh.com</a></th><br /><td>Nickelodeon Records <small>(2000-2002)</small><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-outbrain-com">outbrain.com</a><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th style="padding-right:1em;">Associated acts</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xe-com">xe.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-secureserver-net">secureserver.net</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-emap-co-il">emap.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-starmed-co-il">starmed.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hp-com">hp.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-macam-ac-il">wesell.co.il/user/Reports</a>, <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מרק אפונה</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">simania.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zahav-ru">zahav.ru</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Website</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-archive-org">archive.org</a></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>Christina Abbi Vidal</b> (born November 18, 1981) is an <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צארטר</a> film and television actress and singer. She is best known for her role in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-ru">google.ru</a> <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מרק</a> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-microsoft-com">microsoft.com</a></i>, in which she played the title character.</p><br /><table id="toc" class="toc"><br /><tr><br /><td><br /><div id="toctitle"><br /><h2>Contents</h2><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rapidshare-com">rapidshare.com</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mizrahi-tefahot-co-il">mizrahi-tefahot.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikimedia-org">wikimedia.org</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myfirsthomepage-co-il">myfirsthomepage.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-biu-ac-il">biu.ac.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-co-il">hot.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brazzers-com">brazzers.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-softpedia-com">softpedia.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-finder-co-il">finder.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-msn-com">msn.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pocket-co-il">pocket.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-last-fm">last.fm</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-marketgid-com">marketgid.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3><br /><p>Vidal was born and raised in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-linkbucks-com">linkbucks.com</a>, an area in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-freelotto-com">freelotto.com</a>, the daughter of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clalit-co-il">clalit.co.il</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-btl-gov-il">btl.gov.il</a></sup> parents Anne, a secretary, and Manuel Vidal, Jr. a business and tax consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wnet-co-il">wnet.co.il</a></sup> She attended the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tami4-bar-co-il">tami4-bar.co.il</a>. When she was 17 she joined a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pais-co-il">pais.co.il</a> called Gemstone (along with <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק</a> and Crystal Grant). Vidal later moved to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-madonna-co-il">madonna.co.il</a>, to proceed with the filming of <i>Taina</i>. Her sisters <a href="http://27kipod.blogspot.com ">kol hazman</a> and Tanya Vidal are also actors and have appeared on TV and in theatre; she also has a brother, Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">תעודות משיט</a></sup></p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesplanet-co-il">yesplanet.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Acting_career">Acting career</span></h3><br /><p>Vidal's acting career started when one of her teachers told her there was an audition for the movie <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-letitbit-net">letitbit.net</a></i> (1993), starring <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogcatalog-com">blogcatalog.com</a>. She auditioned and got the part of "Angie Vega", and was therefore the first Puerto Rican child actress to play a lead in an American film.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון למרק בצל</a></sup> Since then, Vidal has appeared in numerous films and television series, with her most notable role being Taina Maria Morales in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cinema-city-co-il">cinema-city.co.il</a> show <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isracard-co-il">isracard.co.il</a></i>. The sitcom was at first successful and ran for two seasons until it was surprisingly cancelled in the summer of 2002 because Nickelodeon felt that it only appealed to girls.</p><br /><p>The next year she starred in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a></i> alongside <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-showme-co-il">showme.co.il</a>. She played the role of Maddie in that film. That same year, she starred in the short-lived <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hydepark-co-il">hydepark.co.il</a> action TV series about police officers called <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">ekoloko.com</a></i> until she suddenly left after two months on the show. Also in 2003 she guest starred in <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-conduit-com">conduit.com</a></i> as Paris Fate. In 2006, she did an untitled sitcom pilot along with her sisters for ABC (which was executively produced by <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">מתכון לכנפי עוף</a>). The show wasn't picked up but later that year she starred in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">tagged.com</a></i>, along with having a brief stint on the hit sitcom <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-linkedin-com">linkedin.com</a></i>. In recent times, she made cameo appearances in the movies <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kafe-co-il">kafe.co.il</a></i>, <i>Mask of the Ninja</i>, and the internet comedy short "Love Automatically", written by Mylinda Royer and directed by Allison Haislip.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wordpress-com">wordpress.com</a></sup> Most recently, Vidal played a supporting character in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-calcalist-co-il">calcalist.co.il</a></i>, which was released in 2009.</p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-php-net">php.net</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Music_career">Music career</span></h3><br /><p>Christina has always been known for her musical ability. When she was in the band Gemstone, she recorded songs with herself as well as bandmate <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynet-shops-co-il">ynet-shops.co.il</a> performing vocals. A few of these tracks would surface many years later on albums consisting of demoes, rare tracks, and special songs of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sportenter-co-il">sportenter.co.il</a>'s music project, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-10bis-co-il">10bis.co.il</a>. In 2002, she was briefly signed to <a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">27boat</a> and in that time she was supposed to release her first single "Tropical" and her solo debut album "<a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מרקים</a>" in the summer of 2002, but never did. That same year she provided guest vocals on the remix of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mouse-co-il">mouse.co.il</a>'s summer hit "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sidereel-com">sidereel.com</a>" from the <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-w3schools-com">w3schools.com</a></i> soundtrack. She has been working hard to release an album sometime in 2008. She was apart of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webkinz-com">webkinz.com</a>'s <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cursorinfo-co-il">cursorinfo.co.il</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפי עוף ברוטב צ'ילי</a></sup> Rumor had it she appeared in Lupe Fiasco's "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sourceforge-net">sourceforge.net</a>" music video as the celebrity next to him in the limo, but that was not the case. She also recorded a track for the work out cd called <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaclick-com">megaclick.com</a></i> from <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-doctors-co-il">doctors.co.il</a> of <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצל</a>. The song she recorded was "Anything is possible".</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tog-co-il">tog.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span></h2><br /><table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"><br /><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"><br /><th colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;">Film</th><br /></tr><br /><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"><br /><th>Year</th><br /><th>Film</th><br /><th>Role</th><br /><th>Notes</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-newsru-co-il">newsru.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-planetnana-co-il">planetnana.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Angie Vega</td><br /><td>Film Debut</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cnn-com">cnn.com</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adsmarket-com">adsmarket.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Cynthia</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jdate-co-il">jdate.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aweber-com">aweber.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Gabriella</td><br /><td>TV Movie</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zedo-com">zedo.com</a></td><br /><td><i>Details</i></td><br /><td>Maggie</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="3"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">להשכיר יאכטות</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-1e100-net">1e100.net</a></i></td><br /><td>Gisel</td><br /><td>TV Movie</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesno-co-il">yesno.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Festival Singer</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-atraf-co-il">atraf.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Maddie</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zooloo-co-il">zooloo.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>Beck and Call</i></td><br /><td>Unknown Role</td><br /><td>TV Movie</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-files-wordpress-com">files.wordpress.com</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-articles-co-il">articles.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Tia</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fileflyer-com">fileflyer.com</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ign-com">ign.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Christine</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-beok-co-il">beok.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">dstudent.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Candy</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-next-net-co-il">next-net.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>Mask of the Ninja</i></td><br /><td>Mercedes</td><br /><td>TV Movie</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telebank-co-il">telebank.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-b144-co-il">b144.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Elena</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"><br /><th colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;">Television</th><br /></tr><br /><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"><br /><th>Year</th><br /><th>Title</th><br /><th>Role</th><br /><th>Notes</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wap-co-il">wap.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ning-com">ning.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Ramona Suarez</td><br /><td>Episode: "Camouflage"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-neto-net-il">neto.net.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://smelofgood.blogspot.com ">tornado</a></i></td><br /><td>Julianna Muldoon</td><br /><td>Episode: "Off Broadway: Part 1"<br /><br />Episode: "Off Broadway: Part 2"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dan-co-il">dan.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrents-ru">torrents.ru</a></i></td><br /><td>Theresa</td><br /><td>Episode: "Bad Influence"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">אפונה</a>-<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-alljobs-co-il">alljobs.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zman-com">zman.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Sophia Del Bono</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mof-gov-il">mof.gov.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shin1-co-il">shin1.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Street Girl</td><br /><td>Episode: "Saint Syd"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-travians-com">travians.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Ilena</td><br /><td>Episode: "Hearts"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">hosts.co.il</a>-<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xlove-co-il">xlove.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-skype-com">skype.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Taina Maria Morales</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lottocash-co-il">lottocash.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mako-co-il">mako.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Guest</td><br /><td>Episode: "Christina Vidal/Tyrese"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-co-il">fibi.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ourtoolbar-com">ourtoolbar.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Fate Paris</td><br /><td>Episode: "Romance Looming"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">השכרת יאכטות</a>-<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mynet-co-il">mynet.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aol-com">aol.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Deputy Gabriela Lopez</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isohunt-com">isohunt.com</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">יאכטות להשכרה</a></i></td><br /><td>Gabrielle Herrera</td><br /><td>Episode: "Secrets"<br /><br />Episode: "A Kiss Is Still a Kiss"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-huffingtonpost-com">huffingtonpost.com</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-imesh-com">imesh.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Carmen</td><br /><td>Episode: "Between First and Home"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hwzone-co-il">hwzone.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xnxx-com">xnxx.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Samantha Stephens</td><br /><td>Episode: "Bad Blood"<br /><br />Episode: "Just Joan"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://popaipot.blogspot.com">לפני הספירה</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-inn-co-il">inn.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Elena Vega</td><br /><td>Episode: "In a Different Light"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-macam-ac-il">wesell.co.il/user/Reports</a></td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-carsforum-co-il">carsforum.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td>Winona</td><br /><td>Episode: "Mr. Monk Goes Camping"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vins-co-il">vins.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td rowspan="2">Sandy</td><br /><td>Episode: "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clalit-org-il">clalit.org.il</a>"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-metacafe-com">metacafe.com</a></td><br /><td>Episode: "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isoc-org-il">isoc.org.il</a>"</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-deviantart-com">deviantart.com</a></i></td><br /><td>Rachel Esposito</td><br /><td>Episode: "Nothing Personal"</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-down-co-il">down.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Discography">Discography</span></h2><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livegames-co-il">livegames.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Soundtracks">Soundtracks</span></h3><br /><ul><br /><li>2002: <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צארטר יאכטה</a></i> soundtrack</li><br /><li>2003: <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></i> soundtrack</li><br /><li>2006: <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ort-org-il">ort.org.il</a></i> soundtrack</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brothersoft-com">brothersoft.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_nominations">Awards and nominations</span></h2><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th>Year</th><br /><th>Group</th><br /><th>Award</th><br /><th>Result</th><br /><th>Film/Show</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td rowspan="2">1994</td><br /><td rowspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vre-co-il">vre.co.il</a></td><br /><td>Best Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy - Youth Actress</td><br /><td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Won<sup id="cite_ref-yaa15_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tik-tak-co-il">tik-tak.co.il</a></sup></td><br /><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kab-co-il">kab.co.il</a></i></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Most Promising New Youth Actress (special award)</td><br /><td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Won<sup id="cite_ref-yaa15_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-2eat-co-il">2eat.co.il</a></sup></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>2002</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bit-ly">bit.ly</a></td><br /><td>Outstanding Actress in a Television Series</td><br /><td style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2">Nominated</td><br /><td><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shareasale-com">shareasale.com</a></i></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://27bird.blogspot.com/">27bird</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><br /><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"><br /><table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%;"><br /><tr><br /><td><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" width="32" height="28" /></td><br /><td style="padding:0 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-istockphoto-com">istockphoto.com</a></b></i></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">משיט 7</a></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון לבצל</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-huji-ac-il">huji.ac.il</a></b> <a href="http://topilapa.blogspot.com">רגע נתון</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-awempire-com">awempire.com</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tzafonet-org-il">tzafonet.org.il</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexooops-com">sexooops.com</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-assennara-net">assennara.net</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jobnet-co-il">jobnet.co.il</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-twitpic-com">twitpic.com</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zap-co-il">zap.co.il</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adobe-com">adobe.com</a> Love Automatically - YouTube</li><br /><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-schooly-co-il">schooly.co.il</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zippyshare-com">zippyshare.com</a></li><br /><li id="cite_note-yaa15-6">^ <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-live-com">live.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pornorama-com">pornorama.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-technion-ac-il">technion.ac.il</a>. YoungArtistAwards.org. Accessed 2010-02-02.</li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yahoo-com">yahoo.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rotter-net">rotter.net</a> at the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rambler-ru">rambler.ru</a> at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-timeanddate-com">timeanddate.com</a> at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bin-co-il">bin.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 549/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 3788/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 1633/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:152618-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100326141742 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sex-ly-com">sex-ly.com</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-maktoob-com">maktoob.com</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shaveh-co-il">shaveh.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sratim-co-il">sratim.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-homeless-co-il">homeless.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-debka-co-il">debka.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yad2-co-il">yad2.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaporn-com">megaporn.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-themarker-com">themarker.com</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="column-one"><br /> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"><br /> <h5>Views</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <br /> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="http://27stingrays.blogspot.com ">well well well</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-talk"><a 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href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nrg-co-il">nrg.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contact"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-z5x-net">z5x.net</a></li><br /> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מרק</a></li><br /> <li id="n-help"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mediafire-com">mediafire.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Toolbox</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hattrick-org">hattrick.org</a></li><br /> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-012-net">012.net</a></li><br /><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tlvmedia-com">tlvmedia.com</a></li><br /><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-y8-com">y8.com</a></li><br /> <li id="t-print"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-liveinternet-ru">liveinternet.ru</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fav-co-il">fav.co.il</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dealextreme-com">dealextreme.com</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-lang" class="portlet"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Languages</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hometheater-co-il">hometheater.co.il</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yousex-co-il">yousex.co.il</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazonaws-com">amazonaws.com</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webs-com">webs.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> <div id="footer"><br /> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dishi-fm">dishi.fm</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-441il-com">441il.com</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 15 March 2010 at 11:42.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zynga-com">zynga.com</a><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">סקיפר</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-flix-co-il">flix.co.il</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-siz-co-il">siz.co.il</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thepiratebay-org">thepiratebay.org</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://tanzaniat313.blogspot.com">zman and zman</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megavideo-com">megavideo.com</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-squidoo-com">squidoo.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv202 in 0.049 secs. --><br /></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://27bird.blogspot.com">lambada</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Giorgino</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lockerz-com">lockerz.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">hosts.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="infobox vevent" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; font-size:90%;"><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" class="summary" style="text-align:center; text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; font-size: 110%;"><i>Giorgino</i></th><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Directed by</th><br /><td class="description" style=""><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפי עוף</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Produced by</th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצך</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Written by</th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stumbleupon-com">stumbleupon.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Starring</th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-takdin-co-il">takdin.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mignews-com">mignews.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ims-gov-il">ims.gov.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-getit-co-il">getit.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-weather-com">weather.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shiron-net">shiron.net</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ivory-co-il">ivory.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ipp-co-il">ipp.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbisearchengine-com">fbisearchengine.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">informer.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hostgator-com">hostgator.com</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">תילתנית השכרה</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cet-ac-il">cet.ac.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-satla-zone-co-il">satla-zone.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מפרשים</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Music by</th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stepashka-us">stepashka.us</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Release <span style="white-space:nowrap;">date(s)</span></th><br /><td class="" style="">October 5, 1994 (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-b4u-com">b4u.com</a>)</td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Running time</th><br /><td class="" style="">177 min.</td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Language</th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-co-uk">google.co.uk</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;">Budget</th><br /><td class="" style="">€12,000,000</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><i><b>Giorgino</b></i> is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myspace-com">myspace.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digg-com">digg.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-download-com">download.com</a> directed by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-onlyu-co-il">onlyu.co.il</a><sup id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.mylenefarmeriscalled.net.2Fgiorgino.html_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazon-co-uk">amazon.co.uk</a></sup>.</p><br /><table id="toc" class="toc"><br /><tr><br /><td><br /><div id="toctitle"><br /><h2>Contents</h2><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lamed-co-il">lamed.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ים</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adserverplus-com">adserverplus.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youporn-com">youporn.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Presentation">Presentation</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>Title : <i>Giorgino</i></li><br /><li>Direction : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-imagevenue-com">imagevenue.com</a></li><br /><li>Screenplay : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mashable-com">mashable.com</a>, Gilles Laurent</li><br /><li>Production : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-ac-il">bgu.ac.il</a></li><br /><li>Music : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-notes-co-il">notes.co.il</a></li><br /><li>Photo : Jean-Pierre Sauvaire</li><br /><li>Film editing : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lametayel-com">lametayel.com</a>, Agnès Mouchel</li><br /><li>Costume : Carine Sarfati</li><br /><li>Country : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-answers-com">answers.com</a></li><br /><li>Format : Colours <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bbc-co-uk">bbc.co.uk</a> - <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a> - sound <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">רשיון משיט</a> - 35 mm</li><br /><li>Genre : Drama</li><br /><li>Running time : 177 minutes</li><br /><li>Released : <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a> : October 5, 1994</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sratimo-net">sratimo.net</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cast">Cast</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ksp-co-il">ksp.co.il</a> : <i>Catherine Degrâce</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-habama-co-il">habama.co.il</a> : <i>Giorgio Volli</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ימאות</a> : <i>Sébastien Degrâce</i>, Catherine's father</li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youtube-com">youtube.com</a> : <i>The priest Glaise</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-filestube-com">filestube.com</a> : <i>The innkeeper</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">בצל</a> : <i>Marie</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-statcounter-com">statcounter.com</a> : <i>The crippled nurse</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-macam-ac-il">macam.ac.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-domaintools-com">domaintools.com</a> : <i>The young captain</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-web-view-net">web-view.net</a> : <i>Marthe</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-maccabi-health-co-il">maccabi-health.co.il</a> : <i>Josette</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-moomoo-co-il">moomoo.co.il</a> : <i>Raoul</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bhol-co-il">bhol.co.il</a> : <i>Dr. Jodel</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bizmakebiz-co-il">bizmakebiz.co.il</a> : <i>Mother Raoul</i></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ask-com">ask.com</a> : <i>The old woman</i></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-infolinks-com">infolinks.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Formats">Formats</span></h2><br /><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="background:transparent; width:100%;"><br /><tr><br /><td width="50%" align="left" valign="top"><br /><dl><br /><dt>Soundtrack (released on December 3, 2007) </dt><br /></dl><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dt>Edition Super Jewel Box</dt><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ol><br /><li>"Ouverture" (3:52)</li><br /><li>"Le Vent et la Neige" (1:14)</li><br /><li>"La Route de Chanteloup" (1:05)</li><br /><li>"L'Orphelinat"</li><br /><li>"Les Montagnes noires" (2:11)</li><br /><li>"En calèche" (2:19)</li><br /><li>"À Catherine" (1:26)</li><br /><li>"Giorgino threme" (3:37)</li><br /><li>"Levée du corps" (0:46)</li><br /><li>"L'Abbé Glaise" (1:45)</li><br /><li>"Giorgio et les Enfants" (3:09)</li><br /><li>"La Nursery" (3:09)</li><br /><li>"Retour à l'orphelinat" (2:30)</li><br /><li>"L'Armistice" (1:42)</li><br /><li>"La Valse des baisers"</li><br /><li>"Giorgio et Catherine" (3:49)</li><br /><li>"Docteur Degrâce" (4:31)</li><br /><li>"Morts pour la France" (2:28)</li><br /><li>"Les Femmes dans l'église" (1:41)</li><br /><li>"Les Funérailles" (2:37)</li><br /><li>"Petit Georges" (1:21)</li><br /><li>"Sombres Souvenirs" (2:34)</li><br /><li>"Le Christ et les Cierges" (1:41)</li><br /><li>"Menteur" (3:30)</li><br /><li>"Le Marais" (1:50)</li><br /><li>"Final" (7:43)</li><br /></ol><br /></td><br /><td width="50%" align="left" valign="top"><br /><dl><br /><dt>Collector edition - 2 DVD (released on December 5, 2007) </dt><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>DVD 1 : Remasterised film</li><br /></ul><br /><ol><br /><li>Original version with subtitles (in English)</li><br /><li>French version</li><br /><li>French subtitles</li><br /></ol><br /><ul><br /><li>DVD 2 : Bonus</li><br /></ul><br /><ol><br /><li>Making of : interviews of Mylène Farmer, Jeff Dahlgren, Laurent Boutonnat</li><br /><li>Drawings of production</li><br /><li>Photos</li><br /><li>Teaser and the 1994 trailer + the 2007 unpublished trailer</li><br /><li>Booklet (48 pages) : 1994 interviews of Jeff Dahlgren, Mylène Farmer, Laurent Boutonnat, unpublished photos, various documents</li><br /></ol><br /><dl><br /><dt>DVD (released in September 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haaretz-co-il">haaretz.co.il</a></sup></dt><br /></dl><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-triviali-com">triviali.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.mylenefarmeriscalled.net.2Fgiorgino.html-0"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelinfo-ru">israelinfo.ru</a></b> <i>Giorgino</i> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stips-co-il">stips.co.il</a> (Retrieved January 28, 2008)</li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelpost-co-il">israelpost.co.il</a></b> "On revoit <i>Giorgino</i> avec Mylène Farmer", <i>Au Féminin</i>, Christophe Combarieu, September 3, 2008 <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-farmville-com">farmville.com</a> (Retrieved September 4, 2008)</li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><br /><tr><br /><td style="padding:2px;"><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";background: #f0e68c;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;background: #f0e68c;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adira-co-il">adira.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazon-com">amazon.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogli-co-il">blogli.co.il</a></div><br /></div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-iba-org-il">iba.org.il</a></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sport5-co-il">sport5.co.il</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sense-co-il">sense.co.il</a></i> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kidstv-co-il">kidstv.co.il</a></i> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">לימודי שייט</a></i> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stackoverflow-com">stackoverflow.com</a></i> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-one-co-il">one.co.il</a></i> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></i> (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ikea-co-il">ikea.co.il</a></i> (2008)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dacho-co-il">dacho.co.il</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-etoro-com">etoro.com</a></i> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haifa-ac-il">haifa.ac.il</a></i> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-efind-co-il">efind.co.il</a></i> (2000)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoomap-co-il">zoomap.co.il</a></i> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-co-il">bgu.co.il</a></i> (2009)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-online-co-il">fibi-online.co.il</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-leumi-card-co-il">leumi-card.co.il</a></i> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-infomed-co-il">infomed.co.il</a></i> (2003)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digitalpoint-com">digitalpoint.com</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק</a></i> (2001)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-t-co-il">t.co.il</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xvideos-com">xvideos.com</a></i> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dundb-co-il">dundb.co.il</a></i> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-com">google.com</a></i> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torec-net">torec.net</a></i> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bankisrael-gov-il">bankisrael.gov.il</a></i> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">thefreedictionary.com</a></i> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livejournal-com">livejournal.com</a></i> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-googleusercontent-com">googleusercontent.com</a></i> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoogy-co-il">zoogy.co.il</a></i> (2000)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blackhatworld-com">blackhatworld.com</a></i> (2000)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-co-il">google.co.il</a></i> (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-link4u-co-il">link4u.co.il</a></i> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israrail-org-il">israrail.org.il</a></i> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymotion-com">dailymotion.com</a></i> (2010)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myvod-tv">myvod.tv</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מתכון למרק</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 1996 Bercy (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-de">ebay.de</a> (2000)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikipedia-org">wikipedia.org</a> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-alibaba-com">alibaba.com</a> (2009)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;">Films</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><strong class="selflink">Giorgino</strong></i> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">רשיון סקיפר</a></i> (2006)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;">Book</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>Lisa-Loup et le Conteur</i> (2003)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;">Labels</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sex4free-co-il">sex4free.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-index-co-il">index.co.il</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;">Associated artists</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-news1-co-il">news1.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-surfthechannel-com">surfthechannel.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-atzuma-co-il">atzuma.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zulanews-com">zulanews.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-speedbit-com">speedbit.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idc-ac-il">idc.ac.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-k-co-il">k.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pelephone-co-il">pelephone.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bul-co-il">bul.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nytimes-com">nytimes.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-net-il">hot.net.il</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;">Related articles</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">שייט</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><br /><tr><br /><td style="padding:2px;"><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";background: #f0e68c;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;background: #f0e68c;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-walla-co-il">walla.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></div><br /></div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-goop-co-il">goop.co.il</a></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-guardian-co-uk">guardian.co.uk</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-co-uk">ebay.co.uk</a>" (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xtendmedia-com">xtendmedia.com</a>" (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myheritage-com">myheritage.com</a>" (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ezinearticles-com">ezinearticles.com</a>" (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tnaflix-com">tnaflix.com</a>" (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>" (1987)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adasha-co-il">adasha.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-discountbank-net">discountbank.net</a>" (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-twitter-com">twitter.com</a>" (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamer-co-il">gamer.co.il</a>" (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-paypal-com">paypal.com</a>" (1989)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">zshare.net</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynetnews-com">ynetnews.com</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zvz-co-il">zvz.co.il</a>" (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-janglo-net">janglo.net</a>" (1990)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adbrite-com">adbrite.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-techcrunch-com">techcrunch.com</a>" (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymail-co-uk">dailymail.co.uk</a>" (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>" (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">סקיפרים</a>" (1992)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-miniclip-com">miniclip.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-seret-co-il">seret.co.il</a>" (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-iatraf-co-il">iatraf.co.il</a>" (1993)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">simania.co.il</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamespot-com">gamespot.com</a>" (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-keezmovies-com">keezmovies.com</a>" (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-reader-co-il">reader.co.il</a>" (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ibm-com">ibm.com</a>" (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-scribd-com">scribd.com</a>" (1996)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikia-com">wikia.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vimeo-com">vimeo.com</a>" (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-elance-com">elance.com</a>" (1997)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">ציר בשר</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrentz-com">torrentz.com</a>" (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפיים</a>" (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-redtube-com">redtube.com</a>" (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-warriorforum-com">warriorforum.com</a>" (2000)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-makelove-co-il">makelove.co.il</a>" (2000)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-narod-ru">narod.ru</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stars-co-il">stars.co.il</a>" (2000)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-btjunkie-org">btjunkie.org</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-titanpoker-com">titanpoker.com</a>" (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-validbox-com">validbox.com</a>" (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-f2h-co-il">f2h.co.il</a>" (2002)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צ'ארטר</a>" (2002)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adultfriendfinder-com">adultfriendfinder.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bizportal-co-il">bizportal.co.il</a>" (2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cnet-com">cnet.com</a>" (2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbcdn-net">fbcdn.net</a>" (2004)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-facebook-com">facebook.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מרינות</a>" (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pjs-co-il">pjs.co.il</a>" (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-drushim-co-il">drushim.co.il</a>" (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nana10-co-il">nana10.co.il</a>" (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kampyle-com">kampyle.com</a>" (2006)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-movinsane-com">movinsane.com</a></i> <small>(<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mininova-org">mininova.org</a>'s album)</small></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-toto-org-il">toto.org.il</a>" (2006)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">בתי ספר לשייט</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ultimate-guitar-com">ultimate-guitar.com</a>" (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://tokipnt971.blogspot.com">נתון</a>" (2007)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clicksor-com">clicksor.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-empflix-com">empflix.com</a>" (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-issta-co-il">issta.co.il</a>" (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-streamate-com">streamate.com</a>" (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bezeq-co-il">bezeq.co.il</a>" (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-agora-co-il">agora.co.il</a>" (2009)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hotfile-com">hotfile.com</a></i></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mitchatnim-co-il">mitchatnim.co.il</a>" (2009)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: #EEEEEE;;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-education-gov-il">education.gov.il</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hardsextube-com">hardsextube.com</a>" (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tapuz-co-il">tapuz.co.il</a>" (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mapi-co-il">mapi.co.il</a>" (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vkontakte-ru">vkontakte.ru</a>" (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wordpress-org">wordpress.org</a>" (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">simania.co.il</a>" (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-org">mozilla.org</a>" (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexadir-co-il">sexadir.co.il</a>" (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bamarom-co-il">bamarom.co.il</a>" (1999)</div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 3788/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 101787/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 35812/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15467438-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100323063426 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ציוד ימי</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynet-co-il">ynet.co.il</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nowdownloadall-com">nowdownloadall.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a 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This page was last modified on 9 December 2009 at 09:01.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv116 in 0.105 secs. --><br /></div></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-75656313860047242602010-03-19T06:18:00.001-07:002010-03-19T06:18:04.176-07:00Guy M'Bongo<div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stips-co-il">stips.co.il</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Guy M'Bongo</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-outbrain-com">outbrain.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaporn-com">megaporn.com</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <p><b>Guy M'Bongo</b> (born 23 September, 1968) is a basketball player from the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-seret-co-il">seret.co.il</a>. He competed at the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-finder-co-il">finder.co.il</a> with the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-inn-co-il">inn.co.il</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a></sup></p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-moomoo-co-il">moomoo.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://smelofgood.blogspot.com/">smelofgood.blogspot.com/</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-com">google.com</a> at sports-reference.com</li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adira-co-il">adira.co.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-index-co-il">index.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrents-ru">torrents.ru</a> article relating to a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-debka-co-il">debka.co.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webs-com">webs.com</a> figure is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-walla-co-il">walla.co.il</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fav-co-il">fav.co.il</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hoogel-co-il">hoogel.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bezeq-co-il">bezeq.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מתכון למרק</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 217/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 5505/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 1292/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19020158-0!1!0!default!!en!4 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href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pocket-co-il">pocket.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrentz-com">torrentz.com</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">ציר בשר</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idf-il">idf.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv212 in 0.401 secs. --><br /></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">סקיפרים</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">HMAS Huon (D50)</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-godaddy-com">godaddy.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">thefreedictionary.com</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""><br /><tr><br /><td class="mbox-image"><br /><div style="width: 52px;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-googleusercontent-com">googleusercontent.com</a></div><br /></td><br /><td class="mbox-text" style="">This article includes a <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ים</a>, related reading or <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-panet-co-il">panet.co.il</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://topilapa.blogspot.com">רגע נתון</a>.</b> Please <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-edu-negev-gov-il">edu-negev.gov.il</a>. <small><i>(April 2009)</i></small></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><div class="dablink">For other ships of the same name, see <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexadir-co-il">sexadir.co.il</a>.</div><br /><table class="infobox" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-colman-ac-il">colman.ac.il</a><br /><br />HMAS <i>Huon</i> during her trials in December 1915</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th height="30" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Career (Australia)</th><br /><th style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/70px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="70" height="35" /></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Namesake:</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-miniclip-com">miniclip.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Builder:</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-depositfiles-com">depositfiles.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Laid down:</td><br /><td>25 January 1913</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Launched:</td><br /><td>19 December 1914</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Completed:</td><br /><td>2 February 1916</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Commissioned:</td><br /><td>14 December 1915</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Decommissioned:</td><br /><td>9 August 1920</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Recommissioned:</td><br /><td>22 April 1921</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Decommissioned:</td><br /><td>2 June 1922</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Recommissioned:</td><br /><td>1924</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Decommissioned:</td><br /><td>7 June 1928</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Renamed:</td><br /><td>October 1915</td><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Fate:</td><br /><td>Sunk as target in 1931</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" height="30" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">General characteristics</th><br /></tr><br /><tr valign="top"><br /><td>Class and type:</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xnxx-com">xnxx.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>HMAS <i>Huon</i> (D50)</b>, named for the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ימאות</a>, was a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lametayel-com">lametayel.com</a> of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazonaws-com">amazonaws.com</a> (RAN).</p><br /><p>The ship was laid down as HMAS <i>Derwent</i>, for the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-janglo-net">janglo.net</a>, by the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-warriorforum-com">warriorforum.com</a> Propriety Limited at Cockatoo Island, Sydney, New South Wales on 25 January 1913. The ship was launched on 19 December 1914 by Mrs Jensen, wife of the Honourable J.A. Jensen, Minister without Portfolio. She was renamed in October 1915, commissioned into the RAN on 14 December 1915, and completed on 2 February 1916.</p><br /><div class="thumb tleft"><br /><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ultimate-guitar-com">ultimate-guitar.com</a><br /><div class="thumbcaption"><br /><div class="magnify"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youtube-com">youtube.com</a></div><br /><center>In action with a <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">השכרת יאכטות</a> in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youjizz-com">youjizz.com</a> circa. 1917 - 1918</center><br /></div><br /></div><br /></div><br /><p><i>Huon</i> first served with the British Far East Patrol at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zahav-ru">zahav.ru</a> in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xvideos-com">xvideos.com</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-ru">google.ru</a>. She later operated in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-answers-com">answers.com</a> as part of the British 5th Destroyer Flotilla. She collided with sister ship <a href="http://27stingrays.blogspot.com ">well well well</a> on 8 August 1918, and underwent repairs at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isohunt-com">isohunt.com</a>.</p><br /><p>Following the conclusion of World War I, <i>Huon</i> returned to Australia on 21 May 1919. She escorted <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצך</a> for the visit of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-squidoo-com">squidoo.com</a> to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cinema-city-co-il">cinema-city.co.il</a> in 1920, and paid off into Reserve at Sydney on 9 August 1920. She was recommissioned on 22 April 1921 and served in Australian waters until she again paid off into Reserve at Sydney on 2 June 1922. <i>Huon</i> was recommissioned and based at Hobart for Naval Reserve training from 22 September 1924 to 26 May 1928.</p><br /><p><i>Huon</i> paid off into Reserve on 7 June 1928 and was sunk by gunfire as a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aweber-com">aweber.com</a> off Sydney on 10 April 1931.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sense-co-il">sense.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nana10-co-il">nana10.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><br /><tr><br /><td style="padding:2px;"><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" 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style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color: #DCDCDC;;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="30" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> </span><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-europartners-com">europartners.com</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><br /><div><br /><p><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-paypal-com">paypal.com</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-discountbank-net">discountbank.net</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-org">mozilla.org</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-ac-il">bgu.ac.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xlove-co-il">xlove.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoogy-co-il">zoogy.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lockerz-com">lockerz.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-satla-zone-co-il">satla-zone.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצל</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vre-co-il">vre.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zulanews-com">zulanews.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bizportal-co-il">bizportal.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vimeo-com">vimeo.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blackhatworld-com">blackhatworld.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-newsru-co-il">newsru.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hotfile-com">hotfile.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-deviantart-com">deviantart.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megavideo-com">megavideo.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-typepad-com">typepad.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-reader-co-il">reader.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazon-com">amazon.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myspace-com">myspace.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thepiratebay-org">thepiratebay.org</a></p><br /></div><br /></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color: #DCDCDC;;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="30" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> </span><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צארטר</a><br /><br /><small><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-alljobs-co-il">alljobs.co.il</a></small></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><br /><div><br /><p><strong class="selflink"><i>Huon</i></strong><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clalit-co-il">clalit.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ligdol-co-il">ligdol.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון למרק בצל</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clicksor-com">clicksor.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbcdn-net">fbcdn.net</a></p><br /></div><br /></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";background-color: #DCDCDC;" colspan="2">Preceded by: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-takdin-co-il">takdin.co.il</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> Followed by: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-co-il">fibi.co.il</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nba-com">nba.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><br /></p><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ksp-co-il">ksp.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-archive-org">archive.org</a> article is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-de">google.de</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stumbleupon-com">stumbleupon.com</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zesex-co-il">zesex.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tzafonet-org-il">tzafonet.org.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoomap-co-il">zoomap.co.il</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adasha-co-il">adasha.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This article about a specific <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zap-co-il">zap.co.il</a> naval <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-elsf-net">elsf.net</a> or <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-orbita-co-il">orbita.co.il</a> is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jdate-co-il">jdate.co.il</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livejournal-com">livejournal.com</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digg-com">digg.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tnaflix-com">tnaflix.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מפרשים</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 3108/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 45709/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 20581/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 1/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:3418995-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and 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href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kampyle-com">kampyle.com</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zynga-com">zynga.com</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 24 January 2010 at 07:18.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-softpedia-com">softpedia.com</a><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cellcom-co-il">cellcom.co.il</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק אפונה</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clickbank-com">clickbank.com</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-b4u-com">b4u.com</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">simania.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">hosts.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-madonna-co-il">madonna.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv209 in 0.039 secs. --><br /></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-themarker-com">themarker.com</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">James Crawford Neilson</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-btl-gov-il">btl.gov.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tami4-bar-co-il">tami4-bar.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 25.5em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" class="fn"><b>James Crawford Neilson</b></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;">Personal information</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Name</th><br /><td>James Crawford Neilson</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Nationality</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bamarom-co-il">bamarom.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Birth date</th><br /><td>October 14, 1816</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Birth place</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shin1-co-il">shin1.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Date of death</th><br /><td>December 21, 1900</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Place of death</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-agora-co-il">agora.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ccccff; text-align: center;">Work</th><br /></tr><br /><tr class="note"><br /><th>Buildings</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digitalpoint-com">digitalpoint.com</a></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>James Crawford Neilson</b> (October 14, 1816 - December 21, 1900), or J. Crawford Neilson, was a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-speedbit-com">speedbit.com</a>-based architect. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1816. After the death of his father in 1822 the famiily moved to England and in 1824 to Brussels. In 1833, he returned to Baltimore and in 1835, became a member of the survey party working on the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-istockphoto-com">istockphoto.com</a>. His supervisor was <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yousex-co-il">yousex.co.il</a>. It was at this time that he first became acquainted with <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">simania.co.il</a>, while helping to survey in the area of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sidereel-com">sidereel.com</a>, for the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-guardian-co-uk">guardian.co.uk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baf_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hattrick-org">hattrick.org</a></sup></p><br /><p>He and Niernsee entered partnership in the practice of architecture as Niernsee & Neilson in June 1848. Commissions included railroad stations for the B&O, commercial buildings, several churches, and both country homes and townhouses for the well-to-do, many of whom were in fact directors of the B&O Railroad. The firm disbanded in 1856, when Niernsee was made architect of the capitol of South Carolina. When Niernsee returned to Baltimore in 1865, the partnership was revived. It was at this time, that they took into their office a number of young interns who later became prominent themselves, including <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stackoverflow-com">stackoverflow.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaupload-com">megaupload.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wnet-co-il">wnet.co.il</a>, and, briefly, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-link4u-co-il">link4u.co.il</a>. Nielson was a founding member of the Baltimore Chapter of the AIA at its charter in 1870. The firm disbanded again in 1875 at which time, through his friendship with <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-co-il">bgu.co.il</a>, he worked on several college buildings, the Mausoleum in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-planetnana-co-il">planetnana.co.il</a>, and faculty residences at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-espn-go-com">espn.go.com</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baf_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-imesh-com">imesh.com</a></sup></p><br /><p>Neilson had married Rosa Williams in the 1830s, whose family owned farmland along <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">תילתנית השכרה</a> in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-efind-co-il">efind.co.il</a> at a place called Priestford. Among their children was <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dacho-co-il">dacho.co.il</a>, who attained the rank of General and became Assistant Postmaster General of the United States. Neilson’s died in 1900, at Priestford and he is buried in the family cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-baf_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vins-co-il">vins.co.il</a></sup></p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-doubleclick-com">doubleclick.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_works">Selected works</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>1855-56: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bwoman-co-il">bwoman.co.il</a> (by Niernsee & Neilson), <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>, listed on the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bit-ly">bit.ly</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ucoz-ru">ucoz.ru</a></sup></li><br /><li>1868: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-iba-org-il">iba.org.il</a> (by Niernsee & Neilson), listed on the <a href="http://27bird.blogspot.com/">27bird</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tlvmedia-com">tlvmedia.com</a></sup></li><br /><li>1870: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a> (clock tower by Niernsee & Neilson), <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-z5x-net">z5x.net</a>, listed on the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-441il-com">441il.com</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-siz-co-il">siz.co.il</a></sup></li><br /><li>ca. 1870: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-assennara-net">assennara.net</a> (by Niernsee & Neilson), listed on the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bizmakebiz-co-il">bizmakebiz.co.il</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-globes-co-il">globes.co.il</a></sup></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">להשכיר יאכטות</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-baf-0">^ <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-twitter-com">twitter.com</a> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">תילתנית</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-013netvision-net-il">013netvision.net.il</a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynetnews-com">ynetnews.com</a>. <i>J. Crawford Neilson</i>. Baltimore Architecture Foundation. 2009-03-17<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-y8-com">y8.com</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Baltimore+Architecture+Foundation+%C2%BB+J.+Crawford+Neilson&rft.atitle=J.+Crawford+Neilson&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft.pub=Baltimore+Architecture+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaltimorearchitecture.org%2Fresources%2Fbiographies%2Fj-crawford-neilson%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:James_Crawford_Neilson"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-nris-1">^ <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">מתכון לכנפי עוף</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-neto-net-il">neto.net.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">informer.com</a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">תעודות משיט</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service. 2008-04-15<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-homeless-co-il">homeless.co.il</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nr.nps.gov%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:James_Crawford_Neilson"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zooloo-co-il">zooloo.co.il</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-netex-co-il">netex.co.il</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places: Aigburth Vale</i>. Maryland Historical Trust. 2009-03-21<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-facebook-com">facebook.com</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Maryland+Historical+Trust&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places%3A+Aigburth+Vale&rft.date=2009-03-21&rft.pub=Maryland+Historical+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marylandhistoricaltrust.net%2Fnr%2FNRDBDetail.aspx%3FHDID%3D1223%26COUNTY%3D%26SEARCHTYPE%3DkeywordSearch%26PROPNAME%3D%26STREETNAME%3D%26CITYNAME%3D%26KEYWORD%3Dneilson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:James_Crawford_Neilson"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-calcalist-co-il">calcalist.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This article about a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vkontakte-ru">vkontakte.ru</a> or architectural firm is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brothersoft-com">brothersoft.com</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pelephone-co-il">pelephone.co.il</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bin-co-il">bin.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-co-il">google.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamespot-com">gamespot.com</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 1741/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 17814/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 6219/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:22075153-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100315230044 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clalit-org-il">clalit.org.il</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tase-co-il">tase.co.il</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-awempire-com">awempire.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-empflix-com">empflix.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brazzers-com">brazzers.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jobnet-co-il">jobnet.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adultfriendfinder-com">adultfriendfinder.com</a></span> | 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class="visualClear"></div><br /> <div id="footer"><br /> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">שייט</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">קורס משיט</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 17 August 2009 at 04:53.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מרינות</a><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xtendmedia-com">xtendmedia.com</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-getdate-co-il">getdate.co.il</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haaretz-co-il">haaretz.co.il</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ibm-com">ibm.com</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-domaintools-com">domaintools.com</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-httpshare-net">httpshare.net</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv210 in 0.039 secs. --><br /></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-education-gov-il">education.gov.il</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Richard Garrett (1755–1839)</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-10bis-co-il">10bis.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mivzakon-co-il">mivzakon.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <p><b>Richard Garrett</b> (12 October 1755 – 20 October 1839)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-statcounter-com">statcounter.com</a></sup> founded <a href="http://27kipod.blogspot.com ">kol hazman</a>, the agricultural machinery manufacturing plant in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-atraf-co-il">atraf.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-netvision-net-il">netvision.net.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dealextreme-com">dealextreme.com</a>, that now houses the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telebank-co-il">telebank.co.il</a>. The company was the largest employer in Leiston in the nineteenth century.</p><br /><p>Firstborn of twelve children in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a>, Suffolk, Garrett married Elizabeth Newson on 1 October 1778 and they had six sons and three daughters. When Elizabeth died in 1794, Garrett married Jemima Cottingham. Elizabeth came from Leiston and the couple settled there upon marriage. He became a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamer-co-il">gamer.co.il</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haifa-ac-il">haifa.ac.il</a> at a High Street forge rented from William Cracey. He was soon employing eight men and by 1830 the works had 60 employees. His son Richard (the third to bear the name) succeeded him as works manager in 1826 and the fourth Richard transformed it into a nationally significant manufacturer of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sratim-co-il">sratim.co.il</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-freelotto-com">freelotto.com</a></sup></p><br /><p>Garrett's descendants include <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hydepark-co-il">hydepark.co.il</a>, founder of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-iatraf-co-il">iatraf.co.il</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צארטר יאכטה</a>, first female doctor, and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-g-co-il">g.co.il</a>, women's rights activists.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-narod-ru">narod.ru</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isracard-co-il">isracard.co.il</a></b> R. A. Whitehead. <i>Garretts of Leiston</i> (London: Percival Marshall, 1965)</li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fastbrowsersearch-com">fastbrowsersearch.com</a></b> R. A. Whitehead. <i>Garretts of Leiston</i> (London: Percival Marshall, 1965)</li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stepashka-us">stepashka.us</a></td><br /><td><i>This <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-co-uk">ebay.co.uk</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isoc-org-il">isoc.org.il</a> article is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-warez-bb-org">warez-bb.org</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-movinsane-com">movinsane.com</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lottocash-co-il">lottocash.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yieldmanager-com">yieldmanager.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">יאכטות להשכרה</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 237/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 4297/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 472/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:19103382-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100318003536 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">hosts.co.il</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפיים</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mizrahi-tefahot-co-il">mizrahi-tefahot.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexooops-com">sexooops.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-infolinks-com">infolinks.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ipp-co-il">ipp.co.il</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="column-one"><br /> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"><br /> <h5>Views</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <br /> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mignews-com">mignews.com</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">אפונה</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-web-view-net">web-view.net</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-history"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nowdownloadall-com">nowdownloadall.com</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"><br /> <h5>Personal tools</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-surfthechannel-com">surfthechannel.com</a></li><br /> <li id="pt-login"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-flix-co-il">flix.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ezinearticles-com">ezinearticles.com</a><br /> </div><br /> <br /> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-navigation'><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Navigation</h5><br /> <div class='pBody'><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-makelove-co-il">makelove.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pornorama-com">pornorama.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wordpress-com">wordpress.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fresh-co-il">fresh.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesplanet-co-il">yesplanet.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-search" class="portlet"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en"><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5><br /> <div id="searchBody" class="pBody"><br /> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"><br /> <input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/><br /> <input id="searchInput" title="Search Wikipedia" accesskey="f" value="" name="search" /><br /> <input type='submit' name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" /> <br /> <input type='submit' name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" /><br /> </form><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-interaction'><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Interaction</h5><br /> <div class='pBody'><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-one-co-il">one.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-portal"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adsmarket-com">adsmarket.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-maccabi-health-co-il">maccabi-health.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contact"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-php-net">php.net</a></li><br /> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-msn-co-il">msn.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-help"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikipedia-org">wikipedia.org</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Toolbox</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">ekoloko.com</a></li><br /> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idc-ac-il">idc.ac.il</a></li><br /><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-linkbucks-com">linkbucks.com</a></li><br /><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pais-co-il">pais.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="t-print"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shaveh-co-il">shaveh.co.il</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pimp-co-il">pimp.co.il</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rest-co-il">rest.co.il</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> <div id="footer"><br /> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-online-co-il">fibi-online.co.il</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-marketgid-com">marketgid.com</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 19 January 2010 at 22:28.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://smelofgood.blogspot.com ">tornado</a><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-leumi-card-co-il">leumi-card.co.il</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogli-co-il">blogli.co.il</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-download-com">download.com</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesno-co-il">yesno.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-habama-co-il">habama.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-infomed-co-il">infomed.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-drushim-co-il">drushim.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv167 in 0.057 secs. --><br /></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><br /><br /><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-btjunkie-org">btjunkie.org</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Pali</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-co-uk">google.co.uk</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymail-co-uk">dailymail.co.uk</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <div class="dablink">For other uses, see <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-next-net-co-il">next-net.co.il</a>.</div><br /><table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen">Pali</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn"><i>Pāḷi</i></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-keezmovies-com">keezmovies.com</a></th><br /><td colspan="2"><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[paːli]</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Spoken in</th><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mininova-org">mininova.org</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ask-com">ask.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rambler-ru">rambler.ru</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wap-co-il">wap.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zippyshare-com">zippyshare.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-apple-com">apple.com</a>, <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפי עוף ברוטב צ'ילי</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">סימונה יאכטה</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zvz-co-il">zvz.co.il</a></th><br /><td colspan="2">No native speakers, used as a literary and liturgical language only</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">ekoloko.com</a></th><br /><td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:100%;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-012-net">012.net</a><br /><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bsex-co-il">bsex.co.il</a><br /><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sportenter-co-il">sportenter.co.il</a><br /><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><br /><li>Pali</li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mekusharim-co-il">mekusharim.co.il</a></th><br /><td colspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-net-il">hot.net.il</a>, <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון לבצל</a>-based scripts and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aol-com">aol.com</a> (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">hosts.co.il</a>)</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: lawngreen">Language codes</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogcatalog-com">blogcatalog.com</a></th><br /><td colspan="2"><tt>pi</tt></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-optmd-com">optmd.com</a></th><br /><td colspan="2"><tt>pli</tt></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-msn-com">msn.com</a></th><br /><td colspan="2"><tt><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dishi-fm">dishi.fm</a></tt></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="3"><br /><table class="expansion" style="border:none; border-width:0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding: .1em; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; font-size: 95%; line-height:1.2; background-color: #f7f8ff;" width="300"><br /><tr><br /><td style="border:none; border-width:0px; vertical-align: middle"><br /><div class="center"><br /><div class="floatnone"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lamed-co-il">lamed.co.il</a></div><br /></div><br /></td><br /><td style="border:none; border-width:0px;"><small><b>This page contains <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thecage-co-il">thecage.co.il</a></b>. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shvoong-com">shvoong.com</a></small></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>Pāli</b> (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a>/<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-issta-co-il">issta.co.il</a>: <span lang="sa-Latn" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sa-Latn">Pāḷi</span>) is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-doctors-co-il">doctors.co.il</a> (or <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-1e100-net">1e100.net</a>) of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-olsale-co-il">olsale.co.il</a>. It is best known as the language of many of the earliest extant <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rapidshare-com">rapidshare.com</a> scriptures, as collected in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ifeel-co-il">ifeel.co.il</a> or <i>Tipitaka</i>, and as the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ourtoolbar-com">ourtoolbar.com</a> of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mako-co-il">mako.co.il</a>.</p><br /><table id="toc" class="toc"><br /><tr><br /><td><br /><div id="toctitle"><br /><h2>Contents</h2><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ivory-co-il">ivory.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-es">google.es</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dundb-co-il">dundb.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-beok-co-il">beok.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-redtube-com">redtube.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-t-co-il">t.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-carsforum-co-il">carsforum.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israrail-org-il">israrail.org.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynet-co-il">ynet.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-schooly-co-il">schooly.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telegraph-co-uk">telegraph.co.uk</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">dstudent.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cnet-com">cnet.com</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-court-gov-il">court.gov.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynet-shops-co-il">ynet-shops.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zshare-net">zshare.net</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nytimes-com">nytimes.com</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelweather-co-il">israelweather.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ציוד ימי</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-21"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zman-com">zman.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-22"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymotion-com">dailymotion.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bankisrael-gov-il">bankisrael.gov.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sex-ly-com">sex-ly.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tik-tak-co-il">tik-tak.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-2eat-co-il">2eat.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-macam-ac-il">wesell.co.il/user/Reports</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-youporn-com">youporn.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מרקים</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fileflyer-com">fileflyer.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myheritage-com">myheritage.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cet-ac-il">cet.ac.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-linkedin-com">linkedin.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ning-com">ning.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shufuni-com">shufuni.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</span></h2><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""><br /><tr><br /><td class="mbox-image"><br /><div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></div><br /></td><br /><td class="mbox-text" style="">This section of the article <b>is too long to read comfortably, and needs <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tapuz-co-il">tapuz.co.il</a></b>. Please format the article according to the guidelines laid out at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-toto-org-il">toto.org.il</a> <small><i>(January 2010)</i></small></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p>The word Pali itself signifies "line" or "(canonical) text", and this name for the language seems to have its origins in commentarial traditions, wherein the "<span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Pāḷi</span>" (in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the commentary or the vernacular following after it on the manuscript page. As such, the name of the language has caused some debate among scholars of all ages; the spelling of the name also varies, being found with both long "ā" <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɑː]</span> and short "a" <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[a]</span>, and also with either a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-huji-ac-il">huji.ac.il</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɭ]</span> or non-<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-com">mozilla.com</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[l]</span> "l" sound. To this day, there is no single, standard spelling of the term; all four spellings can be found in textbooks. R.C. Childers translates the word as "series" and states that the language "bears the epithet in consequence of the perfection of its grammatical structure."<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shareasale-com">shareasale.com</a></sup></p><br /><p>Pali is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-last-fm">last.fm</a> of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livedns-co-il">livedns.co.il</a> language family. When the canonical texts were written down in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-onlyu-co-il">onlyu.co.il</a> in the first century BCE, Pali stood close to a living language; this is not the case for the commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ort-org-il">ort.org.il</a></sup> Despite excellent scholarship on this problem, there is persistent confusion as to the relation of <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Pāḷi</span> to the vernacular spoken in the ancient kingdom of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webkinz-com">webkinz.com</a>, which was located around modern-day <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-triviali-com">triviali.com</a>.</p><br /><p>Pali as a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-secureserver-net">secureserver.net</a> is different from <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idown-me">idown.me</a> not so much with regard to the time of its origin as to its dialectal base, since a number of its morphological and lexical features betray the fact that it is not a direct continuation of <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Ṛgvedic</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-total-media-net">total-media.net</a>; rather it descends from a dialect (or a number of dialects) which was (/were), despite many similarities, different from <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Ṛgvedic</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mediafire-com">mediafire.com</a></sup></p><br /><p>Pali was considered by early Buddhists to be linguistically similar to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-alibaba-com">alibaba.com</a> or even a direct continuation of that language. Many <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mybrowserbar-com">mybrowserbar.com</a> sources refer to the Pali language as "Magadhan" or the "language of Magadha". This identification first appears in the commentaries, and may have been an attempt by Buddhists to associate themselves more closely with the Mauryans. The Buddha taught in Magadha, but the four most important places in his life are all outside of it. It is likely that he taught in several closely related dialects of Middle Indo-Aryan, which had a very high degree of mutual intelligibility.</p><br /><p>There is no attested dialect of Middle Indo-Aryan with all the features of Pali. Pali has some commonalities with both the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-layla-co-il">layla.co.il</a> inscriptions at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-co-il">hot.co.il</a> in the West of India, and at <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-elance-com">elance.com</a> in the East. Similarities to the Western inscription may be misleading, because the inscription suggests that the Ashokan scribe may not have translated the material he received from Magadha into the vernacular of the people there.</p><br /><p>According to Norman, it is likely that the viharas in North India had separate collections of material, preserved in the local dialect. In the early period it is likely that no degree of translation was necessary in communicating this material to other areas. Around the time of Ashoka there had been more linguistic divergence, and an attempt was made to assemble all the material. It is possible that a language quite close to the Pali of the canon emerged as a result of this process as a compromise of the various dialects in which the earliest material had been preserved, and this language functioned as a lingua franca among Eastern Buddhists in India from then on. Following this period, the language underwent a small degree of Sanskritisation (i.e., MIA bamhana -> brahmana, tta -> tva in some cases).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-notes-co-il">notes.co.il</a></sup></p><br /><p><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bbc-co-uk">bbc.co.uk</a> in his book <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">סקיפר</a></i>, and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelnationalnews-com">israelnationalnews.com</a> in his book <i>Pali Literature and Language</i> suggested that Pali may have originated as a form of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-farfesh-com">farfesh.com</a> or common language of culture among people who used differing dialects in North India, used at the time of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myfirsthomepage-co-il">myfirsthomepage.co.il</a> and employed by him. Another scholar states that at that time it was "a refined and elegant vernacular of all Aryan-speaking people."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-articles-co-il">articles.co.il</a></sup> Modern scholarship has not arrived at a consensus on the issue; there are a variety of conflicting theories with supporters and detractors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shiron-net">shiron.net</a></sup> After the death of the Buddha, Pali may have evolved among Buddhists out of the language of the Buddha as a new artificial language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-technion-ac-il">technion.ac.il</a></sup> Bhikkhu Bodhi, summarizing the current state of scholarship, states that the language is "closely related to the language (or, more likely, the various regional dialects) that the Buddha himself spoke." He goes on to write:</p><br /><blockquote><br /><p>Scholars regard this language as a hybrid showing features of several Prakrit dialects used around the third century BCE, subjected to a partial process of Sanskritization. While the language is not identical with any the Buddha himself would have spoken, it belongs to the same broad linguistic family as those he might have used and originates from the same conceptual matrix. This language thus reflects the thought-world that the Buddha inherited from the wider Indian culture into which he was born, so that its words capture the subtle nuances of that thought-world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-click4-co-il">click4.co.il</a></sup></p><br /></blockquote><br /><p>Whatever the relationship of the Buddha's speech to Pali, the Canon was eventually transcribed and preserved entirely in it, while the commentarial tradition that accompanied it (according to the information provided by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-etoro-com">etoro.com</a>) was translated into <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tumblr-com">tumblr.com</a> and preserved in local languages for several generations. R.C. Childers, who held to the theory that Pali was Old Magadhi, wrote: "Had Gautama never preached, it is unlikely that Magadhese would have been distinguished from the many other vernaculars of Hindustan, except perhaps by an inherent grace and strength which make it a sort of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-letitbit-net">letitbit.net</a> among the Prakrits."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tog-co-il">tog.co.il</a></sup></p><br /><p>However Pali was ultimately supplanted in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-travians-com">travians.com</a> by Sanskrit as a literary and religious language following the formulation of Classical Sanskrit by the scholar <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">tagged.com</a>. In Sri Lanka, Pali is thought to have entered into a period of decline ending around the 4th or 5th Century (as Sanskrit rose in prominence, and simultaneously, Buddhism's adherents increasingly became a smaller portion of the subcontinent), but ultimately survived. The work of Buddhaghosa was largely responsible for its reemergence as an important scholarly language in Buddhist thought. The <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-news1-co-il">news1.co.il</a> and the other commentaries that Buddhaghosa compiled codified and condensed the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-metacafe-com">metacafe.com</a> commentarial tradition that had been preserved and expanded in Sri Lanka since the 3rd Century BCE.</p><br /><p>Today Pali is studied mainly to gain access to Buddhist scriptures, and is frequently chanted in a ritual context. The secular literature of Pali historical chronicles, medical texts, and inscriptions, is also of great historical importance. The great centers of Pali learning remain in the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-w3schools-com">w3schools.com</a> nations of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-macam-ac-il">wesell.co.il/user/Reports</a>: <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">צ'ארטר</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-streamate-com">streamate.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-de">ebay.de</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaclick-com">megaclick.com</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-goop-co-il">goop.co.il</a>. Since the 19th century, various societies for the revival of Pali studies in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-888-com">888.com</a> have promoted awareness of the language and its literature, perhaps most notably the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cursorinfo-co-il">cursorinfo.co.il</a> founded by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-huffingtonpost-com">huffingtonpost.com</a>.</p><br /><p>In <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">בצל</a>, the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbisearchengine-com">fbisearchengine.com</a> has been a major force in promoting the study of Pali by Western scholars since its founding in 1881. Based in the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/schools">רשיון סקיפר</a>, the society publishes romanized Pali editions, along with many <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dan-co-il">dan.co.il</a> translations of these sources. In 1869, the first Pali Dictionary was published using the research of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-liveinternet-ru">liveinternet.ru</a>, one of the founding members of the Pali Text Society. It was the first Pali translated text in English and was published in 1872. Childers's Dictionary later received the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kafe-co-il">kafe.co.il</a> in 1876.</p><br /><p>The Pali Text Society was in part founded to compensate for the very low level of funds allocated to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nrg-co-il">nrg.co.il</a> in late 19th century <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sourceforge-net">sourceforge.net</a> and the rest of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hostgator-com">hostgator.com</a>; incongruously, the citizens of the UK were not nearly so robust in Sanskrit and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-f2h-co-il">f2h.co.il</a> language studies as <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-validbox-com">validbox.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yad2-co-il">yad2.co.il</a> and even <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. Without the inspiration of colonial holdings such as the former <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> occupation of Sri Lanka and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, institutions such as the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> have built up major collections of Pali manuscripts, and major traditions of Pali studies.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Lexicon">Lexicon</span></h2><br /><p>Virtually every word in <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Pāḷi</span> has <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> in the other Prakritic <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, e.g., the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. The relationship to earlier Sanskrit (e.g., <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) is less direct and more complicated. Historically, influence between Pali and Sanskrit has been felt in both directions. The Pali language's resemblance to Sanskrit is often exaggerated by comparing it to later Sanskrit compositions – which were written centuries after Sanskrit ceased to be a living language, and are influenced by developments in Middle Indic, including the direct borrowing of a portion of the Middle Indic lexicon; whereas, a good deal of later Pali technical terminology has been borrowed from the vocabulary of equivalent disciplines in Sanskrit, either directly or with certain phonological adaptations.</p><br /><p>Post-canonical Pali also possesses a few loan-words from local languages where Pali was used (e.g. Sri Lankans adding Sinhalese words to Pali). These usages differentiate the Pali found in the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> from later compositions such as the Pali commentaries on the canon and folklore (e.g., the stories of the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> commentaries), and comparative study (and dating) of texts on the basis of such loan-words is now a specialized field unto itself.</p><br /><p>Pali was not exclusively used to convey the teachings of the Buddha, as can be deduced from the existence of a number of secular texts, such as books of medical science/instruction, in Pali. However, scholarly interest in the language has been focused upon religious and philosophical literature, because of the unique window it opens on one phase in the development of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Emic_views_of_Pali">Emic views of Pali</span></h2><br /><p>Although Sanskrit was said, in <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> tradition, to be the unchanging language spoken by the gods, in which each word had an inherent significance, this view of language was not shared in the early Buddhist tradition, in which words were only conventional and mutable signs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></sup> Neither the Buddha nor his early followers shared the brahmans' reverence for the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> language or its <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. This view of language naturally extended to Pali, and may have contributed to its usage (as an approximation or standardization of local Middle Indic dialects) in place of Sanskrit. However, by the time of the compilation of the Pali commentaries (4th or 5th century), Pali was regarded as the natural language, the root language of all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></sup></p><br /><p>Comparable to <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> in the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> traditions of the West, Pali recitations were often thought to have a <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> power (which could be attributed to their meaning, the character of the reciter, or the qualities of the language itself), and in the early strata of Buddhist literature we can already see Pali <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> used as charms, e.g. against the bite of snakes. Many people in Theravada cultures still believe that taking a vow in Pali has a special significance, and, as one example of the supernatural power assigned to chanting in the language, the recitation of the vows of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> are believed to alleviate the pain of childbirth in Sri Lanka. In <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, the chanting of a portion of the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> is believed to be beneficial to the recently departed, and this ceremony routinely occupies as much as seven working days. Interestingly, there is nothing in the latter text that relates to this subject, and the origins of the custom are unclear.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span></h2><br /><table class="infobox selfref" cellpadding="3" style="clear: right; width: 22em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 83%; line-height: 1.2em"><br /><tr><br /><td style="vertical-align: middle"><b>This article contains <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, you may see <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> instead of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> characters.</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p>With regard to its phonology, R.C. Childers compared Pali to <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>: "Like Italian, Pali is at once flowing and sonorous: it is a characteristic of both languages that nearly every word ends in a vowel, and that all harsh conjunctions are softened down by <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, or <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, while on the other hand both lend themselves easily to the expression of sublime and vigorous thought."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></sup></p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span></h3><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th rowspan="2">Height</th><br /><th colspan="4">Backness</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Front</th><br /><th>Central</th><br /><th>Back</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>High</th><br /><td align="center"><b>i</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[i]</span><br /><p><b>ī</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[iː]</span></p><br /></td><br /><td style="background:silver"></td><br /><td align="center"><b>u</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[u]</span><br /><p><b>ū</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[uː]</span></p><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Mid</th><br /><td align="center"><b>e</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[e]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[eː]</span></td><br /><td align="center"><b>a</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɐ]</span></td><br /><td align="center"><b>o</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[o]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[oː]</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Low</th><br /><td style="background:silver"></td><br /><td align="center"><b>ā</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[aː]</span></td><br /><td style="background:silver"></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p>Long and short vowels are only contrastive in open syllables; in closed syllables, all vowels are always short. Short and long <b>e</b> and <b>o</b> are in complementary distribution: the short variants occur only in closed syllables, the long variants occur only in open syllables. Short and long <b>e</b> and <b>o</b> are therefore not distinct phonemes.</p><br /><p>A sound called <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i> (Skt.; Pali: <i>nigghahita</i>), represented by the letter <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">ṁ</span></b> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) or <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">ṃ</span></b> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) in romanization, and by a raised dot in most traditional alphabets, originally marked the fact that the preceding vowel was nasalized. That is, <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">aṁ</span></b>, <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">iṁ</span></b> and <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">uṁ</span></b> represented <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ã]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ĩ]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ũ]</span>. In many traditional pronunciations, however, the anusvāra is pronounced more strongly, like the velar nasal <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>, so that these sounds are pronounced instead <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ãŋ]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ĩŋ]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ũŋ]</span>. However pronounced, <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">ṁ</span></b> never follows a long vowel; <b>ā, ī</b> and <b>ū</b> are converted to the corresponding short vowels when <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">ṁ</span> is added to a stem ending in a long vowel, e.g. <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">kathā + ṁ</span></b> becomes <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">kathaṁ</span></b>, not <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">*kathāṁ</span>, <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">devī + ṁ</span></b> becomes <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">deviṁ</span></b>, not *<span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">devīṁ</span>.</p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span></h3><br /><p>The table below lists the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of Pali. In bold is the letter in traditional <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, and in square brackets its pronunciation in the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</p><br /><table class="wikitable IPA" border="1"><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th colspan="3" rowspan="2"></th><br /><th colspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th rowspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th colspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th colspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th rowspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th rowspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th rowspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center" class="small"><br /><th>(<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>)</th><br /><th>(<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>)</th><br /><th>central</th><br /><th><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th>central</th><br /><th><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th rowspan="5"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th colspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><td><b>m</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[m]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>n</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[n̪]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ṇ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɳ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ñ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span></td><br /><td>(<b>ṅ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>)</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th rowspan="2"><small><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></small></th><br /><th><small>unaspirated</small></th><br /><td><b>p</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[p]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>t</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[t̪]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ṭ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʈ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>c</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[tʃ]</span></td><br /><td><b>k</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[k]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th><small><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></small></th><br /><td><b>ph</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>th</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[t̪ʰ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ṭh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʈʰ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ch</b><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[tʃʰ]</span></td><br /><td><b>kh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th rowspan="2"><small><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></small></th><br /><th><small>unaspirated</small></th><br /><td><b>b</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[b]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>d</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[d̪]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ḍ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɖ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>j</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[dʒ]</span></td><br /><td><b>g</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɡ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th><small><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></small></th><br /><td><b>bh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[bʱ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>dh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[d̪ʱ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>ḍh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɖʱ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>jh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[dʒʱ]</span></td><br /><td><b>gh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɡʱ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th colspan="3"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>s</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[s]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>h</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[h]</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></th><br /><th><small>unaspirated</small></th><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>v</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʋ]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td><b>l</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[l]</span></td><br /><td><b>r</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɻ]</span></td><br /><td>(<b>ḷ</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɭ]</span>)</td><br /><td><b>y</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[j]</span></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr align="center"><br /><th><small><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></small></th><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td>(<b>ḷh</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɭʱ]</span>)</td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p>Of the sounds listed above only the three consonants in parentheses, <b>ṅ</b>, <b>ḷ</b>, and <b>ḷh</b>, are not distinct <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> in Pali: <b>ṅ</b> only occurs before velar stops and <b>ḷ</b>, and <b>ḷh</b> are <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of single <b>ḍ</b>, and <b>ḍh</b> between <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Morphology">Morphology</span></h2><br /><p>Pali is a highly inflected language, in which almost every word contains, besides the root conveying the basic meaning, one or more affixes (usually suffixes) which modify the meaning in some way. Nouns are inflected for gender, number, and case; verbal inflections convey information about person, number, tense and mood.</p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nominal_inflection">Nominal inflection</span></h3><br /><p>Pali nouns inflect for three <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, and plural). The nouns also, in principle, display eight <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>: <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b>paccatta</b> case, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b>upayoga</b> case, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">karaṇa</span></b> case, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b>sampadāna</b> case, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b>sāmin</b> case, and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <b>bhumma</b> case; however, in many instances, two or more of these cases are identical in form; this is especially true of the genitive and dative cases.</p><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="a-stems">a-stems</span></h4><br /><p>a-stems, whose uninflected stem ends in short <b>a</b> (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ə/</span>), are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases.</p><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th rowspan="2"></th><br /><th colspan="2">Masculine (<i>loka-</i> "world")</th><br /><th colspan="2">Neuter (<i>yāna-</i> "carriage")</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Nominative</th><br /><td>loko</td><br /><td rowspan="2">lokā</td><br /><td rowspan="3"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">yānaṁ</span></td><br /><td rowspan="3">yānāni</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Vocative</th><br /><td>loka</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Accusative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">lokaṁ</span></td><br /><td>loke</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Instrumental</th><br /><td>lokena</td><br /><td rowspan="2">lokehi</td><br /><td>yānena</td><br /><td rowspan="2">yānehi</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Ablative</th><br /><td>lokā (lokamhā, lokasmā; lokato)</td><br /><td>yānā (yānamhā, yānasmā; yānato)</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Dative</th><br /><td>lokassa (lokāya)</td><br /><td rowspan="2"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">lokānaṁ</span></td><br /><td>yānassa (yānāya)</td><br /><td rowspan="2"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">yānānaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Genitive</th><br /><td>lokassa</td><br /><td>yānassa</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Locative</th><br /><td>loke (<span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">lokasmiṁ</span>)</td><br /><td>lokesu</td><br /><td>yāne (<span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">yānasmiṁ</span>)</td><br /><td>yānesu</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".C4.81-stems">ā-stems</span></h4><br /><p>Nouns ending in ā (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/aː/</span>) are almost always feminine.</p><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th rowspan="2"></th><br /><th colspan="2">Feminine (<i>kathā-</i> "story")</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Nominative</th><br /><td>kathā</td><br /><td rowspan="3">kathāyo</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Vocative</th><br /><td>kathe</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Accusative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">kathaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Instrumental</th><br /><td rowspan="4">kathāya</td><br /><td rowspan="2">kathāhi</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Ablative</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Dative</th><br /><td rowspan="2"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">kathānaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Genitive</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Locative</th><br /><td>kathāya, <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">kathāyaṁ</span></td><br /><td>kathāsu</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="i-stems_and_u-stems">i-stems and u-stems</span></h4><br /><p>i-stems and u-stems are either masculine or neuter. The masculine and neuter forms differ only in the nominative and accusative cases. The vocative has the same form as the nominative.</p><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th rowspan="2"></th><br /><th colspan="2">Masculine (<i>isi-</i> "seer")</th><br /><th colspan="2">Neuter (<i>akkhi-</i> "fire")</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Nominative</th><br /><td rowspan="2">isi</td><br /><td rowspan="3">isayo, isī</td><br /><td rowspan="3">akkhi, <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">akkhiṁ</span></td><br /><td rowspan="3">akkhī, akkhīni</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Vocative</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Accusative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">isiṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Instrumental</th><br /><td>isinā</td><br /><td rowspan="2">isihi, isīhi</td><br /><td>akkhinā</td><br /><td rowspan="2">akkhihi, akkhīhi</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Ablative</th><br /><td>isinā, isito</td><br /><td>akkhinā, akkhito</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Dative</th><br /><td>isino</td><br /><td rowspan="2"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">isinaṁ, isīnaṁ</span></td><br /><td>akkhino</td><br /><td rowspan="2"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">akkhinaṁ, akkhīnaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Genitive</th><br /><td>isissa, isino</td><br /><td>akkhissa, akkhino</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Locative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">isismiṁ</span></td><br /><td>isisu, isīsu</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">akkhismiṁ</span></td><br /><td>akkhisu, akkhīsu</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th rowspan="2"></th><br /><th colspan="2">Masculine (<i>bhikkhu-</i> "monk")</th><br /><th colspan="2">Neuter (<i>cakkhu-</i> "eye")</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /><th>Singular</th><br /><th>Plural</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Nominative</th><br /><td rowspan="2">bhikkhu</td><br /><td rowspan="3">bhikkhavo, bhikkhū</td><br /><td rowspan="3"><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">cakkhu, cakkhuṁ</span></td><br /><td rowspan="3">cakkhūni</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Vocative</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Accusative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">bhikkhuṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Instrumental</th><br /><td rowspan="2">bhikkhunā</td><br /><td rowspan="2">bhikkhūhi</td><br /><td rowspan="2">cakkhunā</td><br /><td rowspan="2">cakkhūhi</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Ablative</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Dative</th><br /><td>bhikkhuno</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">bhikkhūnaṁ</span></td><br /><td>cakkhuno</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">cakkhūnaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Genitive</th><br /><td>bhikkhussa, bhikkhuno</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">bhikkhūnaṁ, bhikkhunnaṁ</span></td><br /><td>cakkhussa, cakkhuno</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">cakkhūnaṁ, cakkhunnaṁ</span></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th>Locative</th><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">bhikkhusmiṁ</span></td><br /><td>bhikkhūsu</td><br /><td><span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">cakkhusmiṁ</span></td><br /><td>cakkhūsu</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example_of_Pali_with_English_translation">Example of Pali with English translation</span></h2><br /><dl><br /><dd>Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā;</dd><br /><dd>Manasā ce paduṭṭhena, bhāsati vā karoti vā,</dd><br /><dd>Tato nam dukkhaṁ anveti, cakkaṁ'va vahato padaṁ.</dd><br /></dl><br /><p><b>Element for element gloss</b></p><br /><dl><br /><dd>Mano-pubbaṅ-gam=ā dhamm=ā, mano-seṭṭh=ā mano-may=ā;</dd><br /><dd>Mind-before-going=<i>m.pl.nom.</i> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>=<i>m.pl.nom.</i>, mind-foremost=<i>m.pl.nom.</i> mind-made=<i>m.pl.nom.</i></dd><br /><dd>Manas=ā ce paduṭṭh=ena, bhāsa=ti vā karo=ti vā,</dd><br /><dd>Mind=<i>n.sg.inst.</i> if corrupted=<i>n.sg.inst.</i> speak=<i>3.sg.pr.</i> either act=<i>3.sg.pr.</i> or,</dd><br /><dd>Ta=to naṁ dukkhaṁ anv-e=ti, cakkaṁ 'va vahat=o pad=aṁ.</dd><br /><dd>That=from him suffering after-go=<i>3.sg.pr.</i>, wheel as carrying(beast)=<i>m.sg.gen.</i> foot=<i>n.sg.acc.</i></dd><br /></dl><br /><p>The three compounds in the first line literally mean:</p><br /><dl><br /><dd>manopubbaṅgama "whose precursor is mind", "having mind as a fore-goer or leader"</dd><br /><dd>manoseṭṭha "whose foremost member is mind", "having mind as chief"</dd><br /><dd>manomaya "consisting of mind" or "made by mind"</dd><br /></dl><br /><p>The literal meaning is therefore: "The <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> have mind as their leader, mind as their chief, are made of/by mind. If [someone] either speaks or acts with a corrupted mind, from that [cause] suffering goes after him, as the wheel [of a cart follows] the foot of a draught animal."</p><br /><p>A slightly freer translation by Acharya Buddharakkhita</p><br /><dl><br /><dd>Mind precedes all mental states. Mind is their chief; they are all mind-wrought.</dd><br /><dd>If with an impure mind a person speaks or acts suffering follows him</dd><br /><dd>like the wheel that follows the foot of the ox.</dd><br /></dl><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_and_Ardha-Magadhi">Pali and Ardha-Magadhi</span></h2><br /><p>The most archaic of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages are the inscriptional Aśokan Prakrit on the one hand and Pāli and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> on the other, both literary languages.</p><br /><p>The Indo-Aryan languages are commonly assigned to three major groups - Old, Middle and New Indo-Aryan -, a linguistic and not strictly chronological classification as the MIA languages ar not younger than ('Classical') Sanskrit. And a number of their morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that they are not direct continuations of Ṛgvedic Sanskrit, the main base of 'Classical' Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from Ṛgvedic and in some regards even more archaic.</p><br /><p>MIA languages, though individually distinct, share features of phonology and morphology which characterize them as parallel descendants of Old Indo-Aryan. Various sound changes are typical of the MIA phonology:</p><br /><p>(1) The vocalic liquids 'ṛ' and 'ḷ' are replaced by 'a', 'i' or 'u'; (2) the diptongs 'ai' and 'au' are monophthongized to 'e' and 'o'; (3) long vowels before two or more consonants are shortened; (4) the three sibilants of OIA are reduced to one, either 'ś' or 's'; (5) the often complex consonant clusters of OIA are reduced to more readily pronounceable forms, either by assimilation or by splitting; (6) single intervocalic stops are progressively weakened; (7) dentals are palatalized by a following '-y-'; (8) all final consonants except '-ṃ' are dropped unless they are retained in 'sandhi' junctions.</p><br /><p>The most conspicuous features of the morphological system of these languages are: loss of the dual; thematicization of consonantal stems; merger of the f. 'i-/u-' and 'ī-/ū-' in one 'ī-/ū-' inflexion, elimination of the dative, whose functions are taken over by the genitive, simultaneous use of different case-endings in one paradigm; employment of 'mahyaṃ' and 'tubhyaṃ' as genitives and 'me' and 'te' as instrumentals; gradual disappearance of the middle voice; coexistence of historical and new verbal forms based on the present stem; and use of active endings for the passive. In the vocabulary, the MIA languages are mostly dependent on Old Indo-Aryan, with addition of a few so-called 'deśī' words of (often) uncertain origin.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_and_Sanskrit">Pali and Sanskrit</span></h2><br /><p>Although Pali cannot be considered a direct descendant of either <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or of the older <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, the languages are obviously very closely related and the common characteristics of Pali and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> were always easily recognized by those in India who were familiar with both. Indeed, a very large proportion of Pali and Sanskrit word-stems are identical in form, differing only in details of inflection.</p><br /><p>The connections were sufficiently well-known that technical terms from Sanskrit were easily converted into Pali by a set of conventional phonological transformations. These transformations mimicked a subset of the phonological developments that had occurred in Proto-Pali. Because of the prevalence of these transformations, it is not always possible to tell whether a given Pali word is a part of the old <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> lexicon, or a transformed borrowing from Sanskrit. The existence of a Sanskrit word regularly corresponding to a Pali word is not always secure evidence of the Pali etymology, since, in some cases, artificial Sanskrit words were created by back-formation from Prakrit words.</p><br /><p>The following phonological processes are not intended as an exhaustive description of the historical changes which produced Pali from its Old Indic ancestor, but rather are a summary of the most common phonological equations between Sanskrit and Pali, with no claim to completeness.</p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</span></h3><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit <b>ai</b> and <b>au</b> always monophthongize to Pali <b>e</b> and <b>o</b>, respectively</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>maitrī</b> → <b>mettā</b>, <b>auṣadha</b> → <b>osadha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit <b>aya</b> and <b>ava</b> likewise often reduce to Pali <b>e</b> and <b>o</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>dhārayati</b> → <b>dhāreti</b>, <b>avatāra</b> → <b>otāra</b>, <b>bhavati</b> → <b>hoti</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit <b>avi</b> becomes Pali <b>e</b> (i.e. <b>avi</b> → <b>ai</b> → <b>e</b>)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>sthavira</b> → <b>thera</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit <b>ṛ</b> appears in Pali as <b>a</b>, <b>i</b> or <b>u</b>, often agreeing with the vowel in the following syllable. <b>ṛ</b> also sometimes becomes <b>u</b> after labial consonants.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>kṛta</b> → <b>kata</b>, <b>tṛṣṇa</b> → <b>taṇha</b>, <b>smṛti</b> → <b>sati</b>, <b>ṛṣi</b> → <b>isi</b>, <b>dṛṣṭi</b> → <b>diṭṭhi</b>, <b>ṛddhi</b> → <b>iddhi</b>, <b>ṛju</b> → <b>uju</b>, <b>spṛṣṭa</b> → <b>phuṭṭha</b>, <b>vṛddha</b> → <b>vuddha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit long vowels are shortened before a sequence of two following consonants.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>kṣānti</b> → <b>khanti</b>, <b>rājya</b> → <b>rajja</b>, <b>īśvara</b> → <b>issara</b>, <b>tīrṇa</b> → <b>tiṇṇa</b>, <b>pūrva</b> → <b>pubba</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants_2">Consonants</span></h3><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</span></h4><br /><ul><br /><li>The Sanskrit sibilants <b>ś</b>, <b>ṣ</b>, and <b>s</b> merge together as Pali <b>s</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>śaraṇa</b> → <b>saraṇa</b>, <b>doṣa</b> → <b>dosa</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The Sanskrit stops <b>ḍ</b> and <b>ḍh</b> become <b>ḷ</b> and <b>ḷh</b> between vowels (as in Vedic)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>cakravāḍa</b> → <b>cakkavāḷa</b>, <b>virūḍha</b> → <b>virūḷha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Assimilations">Assimilations</span></h4><br /><h5><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="General_rules">General rules</span></h5><br /><ul><br /><li>Many <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of one consonant to a neighboring consonant occurred in the development of Pali, producing a large number of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (double) consonants. Since <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of a geminate consonant is only phonetically detectable on the last consonant of a cluster, geminate <b>kh, gh, ch, jh, ṭh, ḍh, th, dh, ph</b> and <b>bh</b> appear as <b>kkh, ggh, cch, jjh, ṭṭh, ḍḍh, tth, ddh, pph</b> and <b>bbh</b>, not as <i>khkh, ghgh</i> etc.</li><br /><li>When assimilation would produce a geminate consonant (or a sequence of unaspirated stop+aspirated stop) at the beginning of a word, the initial geminate is simplified to a single consonant.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>prāṇa</b> → <b>pāṇa</b> (not <i>ppāṇa</i>), <b>sthavira</b> → <b>thera</b> (not <i>tthera</i>), <b>dhyāna</b> → <b>jhāna</b> (not <i>jjhāna</i>), <b>jñāti</b> → <b>ñāti</b> (not <i>ññāti</i>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>When assimilation would produce a sequence of three consonants in the middle of a word, geminates are simplified until there are only two consonants in sequence.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>uttrāsa</b> → <b>uttāsa</b> (not <i>utttāsa</i>), <b>mantra</b> → <b>manta</b> (not <i>mantta</i>), <b>indra</b> → <b>inda</b> (not <i>indda</i>), <b>vandhya</b> → <b>vañjha</b> (not <i>vañjjha</i>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequence <b>vv</b> resulting from assimilation changes to <b>bb</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>sarva</b> → savva → <b>sabba</b>, <b>pravrajati</b> → pavvajati → <b>pabbajati</b>, <b>divya</b> → divva → <b>dibba</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h5><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Total_assimilation">Total assimilation</span></h5><br /><p>Total assimilation, where one sound becomes identical to a neighboring sound, is of two types: progressive, where the assimilated sound becomes identical to the following sound; and regressive, where it becomes identical to the preceding sound.</p><br /><h6><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Progressive_assimilations">Progressive assimilations</span></h6><br /><ul><br /><li>Internal <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> assimilates to a following voiceless stop or sibilant</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>duḥkṛta</b> → <b>dukkata</b>, <b>duḥkha</b> → <b>dukkha</b>, <b>duḥprajña</b> → <b>duppañña</b>, <b>niḥkrodha</b> (=<b>niṣkrodha</b>) → <b>nikkodha</b>, <b>niḥpakva</b> (=<b>niṣpakva</b>) → <b>nippakka</b>, <b>niḥśoka</b> → <b>nissoka</b>, <b>niḥsattva</b> → <b>nissatta</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>In a sequence of two dissimilar Sanskrit stops, the first stop assimilates to the second stop</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>vimukti</b> → <b>vimutti</b>, <b>dugdha</b> → <b>duddha</b>, <b>utpāda</b> → <b>uppāda</b>, <b>pudgala</b> → <b>puggala</b>, <b>udghoṣa</b> → <b>ugghosa</b>, <b>adbhuta</b> → <b>abbhuta</b>, <b>śabda</b> → <b>sadda</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>In a sequence of two dissimilar nasals, the first nasal assimilates to the second nasal</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>unmatta</b> → <b>ummatta</b>, <b>pradyumna</b> → <b>pajjunna</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>j</b> assimilates to a following <b>ñ</b> (i.e., <b>jñ</b> becomes <b>ññ</b>)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>prajñā</b> → <b>paññā</b>, <b>jñāti</b> → <b>ñāti</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The Sanskrit liquid consonants <b>r</b> and <b>l</b> assimilate to a following stop, nasal, sibilant, or <b>v</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>mārga</b> → <b>magga</b>, <b>karma</b> → <b>kamma</b>, <b>varṣa</b> → <b>vassa</b>, <b>kalpa</b> → <b>kappa</b>, <b>sarva</b> → savva → <b>sabba</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>r</b> assimilates to a following <b>l</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>durlabha</b> → <b>dullabha</b>, <b>nirlopa</b> → <b>nillopa</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>d</b> sometimes assimilates to a following <b>v</b>, producing vv → <b>bb</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>udvigna</b> → uvvigga → <b>ubbigga</b>, <b>dvādaśa</b> → <b>bārasa</b> (beside <b>dvādasa</b>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>t</b> and <b>d</b> may assimilate to a following <b>s</b> or <b>y</b> when a morpheme boundary intervenes</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>ut+sava</b> → <b>ussava</b>, <b>ud+yāna</b> → <b>uyyāna</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h6><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Regressive_assimilations">Regressive assimilations</span></h6><br /><ul><br /><li>Nasals sometimes assimilate to a preceding stop (in other cases epenthesis occurs; see below)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>agni</b> → <b>aggi</b>, <b>ātman</b> → <b>atta</b>, <b>prāpnoti</b> → <b>pappoti</b>, <b>śaknoti</b> → <b>sakkoti</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>m</b> assimilates to an initial sibilant</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>smarati</b> → <b>sarati</b>, <b>smṛti</b> → <b>sati</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Nasals assimilate to a preceding stop+sibilant cluster, which then develops in the same way as such clusters without following nasals (see <b>Partial assimilations</b> below)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>tīkṣṇa</b> → tikṣa → <b>tikkha</b>, <b>lakṣmī</b> → lakṣī →<b>lakkhī</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The Sanskrit liquid consonants <b>r</b> and <b>l</b> assimilate to a preceding stop, nasal, sibilant, or <b>v</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>prāṇa</b> → <b>pāṇa</b>, <b>grāma</b> → <b>gāma</b>, <b>śrāvaka</b> → <b>sāvaka</b>, <b>agra</b> → <b>agga</b>, <b>indra</b> → <b>inda</b>, <b>pravrajati</b> → pavvajati → <b>pabbajati</b>, <b>aśru</b> → <b>assu</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>y</b> assimilates to preceding non-dental/retroflex stops or nasals</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>cyavati</b> → <b>cavati</b>, <b>jyotiṣ</b> → <b>joti</b>, <b>rājya</b> → <b>rajja</b>, <b>matsya</b> → macchya → <b>maccha</b>, <b>lapsyate</b> → lacchyate → <b>lacchati</b>, <b>abhyāgata</b> → <b>abbhāgata</b>, <b>ākhyāti</b> → <b>akkhāti</b>, <b>saṁkhyā</b> → <b>saṅkhā</b> (but also <b>saṅkhyā</b>), <b>ramya</b> → <b>ramma</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>y</b> assimilates to preceding non-initial <b>v</b>, producing vv → <b>bb</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>divya</b> → divva → <b>dibba</b>, <b>veditavya</b> → veditavva → <b>veditabba</b>, <b>bhāvya</b> → bhavva → <b>bhabba</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>y</b> and <b>v</b> assimilate to any preceding sibilant, producing <b>ss</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>paśyati</b> → <b>passati</b>, <b>śyena</b> → <b>sena</b>, <b>aśva</b> → <b>assa</b>, <b>īśvara</b> → <b>issara</b>, <b>kariṣyati</b> → <b>karissati</b>, <b>tasya</b> → <b>tassa</b>, <b>svāmin</b> → <b>sāmī</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>v</b> sometimes assimilates to a preceding stop</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>pakva</b> → <b>pakka</b>, <b>catvāri</b> → <b>cattāri</b>, <b>sattva</b> → <b>satta</b>, <b>dhvaja</b> → <b>dhaja</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h5><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Partial_and_mutual_assimilation">Partial and mutual assimilation</span></h5><br /><ul><br /><li>Sanskrit <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> before a stop assimilate to that stop, and if that stop is not already aspirated, it becomes aspirated; e.g. <b>śc</b>, <b>st</b>, <b>ṣṭ</b> and <b>sp</b> become <b>cch</b>, <b>tth</b>, <b>ṭṭh</b> and <b>pph</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>paścāt</b> → <b>pacchā</b>, <b>asti</b> → <b>atthi</b>, <b>stava</b> → <b>thava</b>, <b>śreṣṭha</b> → <b>seṭṭha</b>, <b>aṣṭa</b> → <b>aṭṭha</b>, <b>sparśa</b> → <b>phassa</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>In sibilant-stop-liquid sequences, the liquid is assimilated to the preceding consonant, and the cluster behaves like sibilant-stop sequences; e.g. <b>str</b> and <b>ṣṭr</b> become <b>tth</b> and <b>ṭṭh</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>śāstra</b> → śasta → <b>sattha</b>, <b>rāṣṭra</b> → raṣṭa → <b>raṭṭha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>t</b> and <b>p</b> become <b>c</b> before <b>s</b>, and the sibilant assimilates to the preceding sound as an aspirate (i.e., the sequences <b>ts</b> and <b>ps</b> become <b>cch</b>)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>vatsa</b> → <b>vaccha</b>, <b>apsaras</b> → <b>accharā</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>A sibilant assimilates to a preceding <b>k</b> as an aspirate (i.e., the sequence <b>kṣ</b> becomes <b>kkh</b>)</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>bhikṣu</b> → <b>bhikkhu</b>, <b>kṣānti</b> → <b>khanti</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Any dental or retroflex stop or nasal followed by <b>y</b> converts to the corresponding palatal sound, and the <b>y</b> assimilates to this new consonant, i.e. <b>ty, thy, dy, dhy, ny</b> become <b>cc, cch, jj, jjh, ññ</b>; likewise <b>ṇy</b> becomes <b>ññ</b>. Nasals preceding a stop that becomes palatal share this change.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>tyajati</b> → cyajati → <b>cajati</b>, <b>satya</b> → sacya → <b>sacca</b>, <b>mithyā</b> → michyā → <b>micchā</b>, <b>vidyā</b> → vijyā → <b>vijjā</b>, <b>madhya</b> → majhya → <b>majjha</b>, <b>anya</b> → añya → <b>añña</b>, <b>puṇya</b> → puñya → <b>puñña</b>, <b>vandhya</b> → vañjhya → vañjjha → <b>vañjha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequence <b>mr</b> becomes <b>mb</b>, via the epenthesis of a stop between the nasal and liquid, followed by assimilation of the liquid to the stop and subsequent simplification of the resulting geminate.</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>āmra</b> → ambra → <b>amba</b>, <b>tāmra</b> → <b>tamba</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Epenthesis">Epenthesis</span></h4><br /><p>An <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> vowel is sometimes inserted between certain consonant-sequences. As with <b>ṛ</b>, the vowel may be <b>a</b>, <b>i</b>, or <b>u</b>, depending on the influence of a neighboring consonant or of the vowel in the following syllable. <b>i</b> is often found near <b>i</b>, <b>y</b>, or palatal consonants; <b>u</b> is found near <b>u</b>, <b>v</b>, or labial consonants.</p><br /><ul><br /><li>Sequences of stop + nasal are sometimes separated by <b>a</b> or <b>u</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>ratna</b> → <b>ratana</b>, <b>padma</b> → <b>paduma</b> (<b>u</b> influenced by labial <b>m</b>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequence <b>sn</b> may become <b>sin</b> initially</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>snāna</b> → <b>sināna</b>, <b>sneha</b> → <b>sineha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>i</b> may be inserted between a consonant and <b>l</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>kleśa</b> → <b>kilesa</b>, <b>glāna</b> → <b>gilāna</b>, <b>mlāyati</b> → <b>milāyati</b>, <b>ślāghati</b> → <b>silāghati</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>An epenthetic vowel may be inserted between an initial sibilant and <b>r</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>śrī</b> → <b>sirī</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequence <b>ry</b> generally becomes <b>riy</b> (<b>i</b> influenced by following <b>y</b>), but is still treated as a two-consonant sequence for the purposes of vowel-shortening</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>ārya</b> → arya → <b>ariya</b>, <b>sūrya</b> → surya → <b>suriya</b>, <b>vīrya</b> → virya → <b>viriya</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>a</b> or <b>i</b> is inserted between <b>r</b> and <b>h</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>arhati</b> → <b>arahati</b>, <b>garhā</b> → <b>garahā</b>, <b>barhiṣ</b> → <b>barihisa</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>There is sporadic epenthesis between other consonant sequences</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>caitya</b> → <b>cetiya</b> (not <i>cecca</i>), <b>vajra</b> → <b>vajira</b> (not <i>vajja</i>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_changes">Other changes</span></h4><br /><ul><br /><li>Any Sanskrit sibilant before a nasal becomes a sequence of nasal followed by <b>h</b>, i.e. <b>ṣṇ</b>, <b>sn</b> and <b>sm</b> become <b>ṇh</b>, <b>nh</b>, and <b>mh</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>tṛṣṇa</b> → <b>taṇha</b>, <b>uṣṇīṣa</b> → <b>uṇhīsa</b>, <b>asmi</b> → <b>amhi</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequence <b>śn</b> becomes <b>ñh</b>, due to assimilation of the <b>n</b> to the preceding palatal sibilant</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>praśna</b> → praśña → <b>pañha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>The sequences <b>hy</b> and <b>hv</b> undergo <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>jihvā</b> → <b>jivhā</b>, <b>gṛhya</b> → <b>gayha</b>, <b>guhya</b> → <b>guyha</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>h</b> undergoes metathesis with a following nasal</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Example: <b>gṛhṇāti</b> → <b>gaṇhāti</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li><b>y</b> is geminated between <b>e</b> and a vowel</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>śreyas</b> → <b>seyya</b>, <b>Maitreya</b> → <b>Metteyya</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Voiced aspirates such as <b>bh</b> and <b>gh</b> on rare occasions become <b>h</b></li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>bhavati</b> → <b>hoti</b>, <b>-ebhiṣ</b> → <b>-ehi</b>, <b>laghu</b> → <b>lahu</b></dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><ul><br /><li>Dental and retroflex sounds sporadically change into one another</li><br /></ul><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><dl><br /><dd>Examples: <b>jñāna</b> → <b>ñāṇa</b> (not <i>ñāna</i>), <b>dahati</b> → <b>ḍahati</b> (beside Pali <b>dahati</b>) <b>nīḍa</b> → <b>nīla</b> (not <i>nīḷa</i>), <b>sthāna</b> → <b>ṭhāna</b> (not <i>thāna</i>), <b>duḥkṛta</b> → <b>dukkaṭa</b> (beside Pali <b>dukkata</b>)</dd><br /></dl><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Exceptions">Exceptions</span></h3><br /><p>There are several notable exceptions to the rules above; many of them are common Prakrit words rather than borrowings from Sanskrit.</p><br /><ul><br /><li><b>ārya</b> → <b>ayya</b> (beside <b>ariya</b>)</li><br /><li><b>guru</b> → <b>garu</b> (adj.) (beside <b>guru</b> (n.))</li><br /><li><b>puruṣa</b> → <b>purisa</b> (not <i>purusa</i>)</li><br /><li><b>vṛkṣa</b> → rukṣa → <b>rukkha</b> (not <i>vakkha</i>)</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_writing">Pali writing</span></h2><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_alphabet_with_diacritics">Pali alphabet with diacritics</span></h3><br /><p>King <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> erected a number of pillars with his edicts in at least three regional prakrits in <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></sup> all of which are quite similar to Pali. Historically, the first written record of the Pali canon is believed to have been composed in <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, based on a prior oral tradition. As per the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (the chronicle of Sri Lanka), due to a major famine in the country Buddhist monks wrote down the Pali canon during the time of King <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> in 100 BC. The transmission of written Pali has retained a universal system of alphabetic values, but has expressed those values in a stunning variety of actual scripts.</p><br /><p>In <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, Pali texts were recorded in <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. Other local scripts, most prominently <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, and in modern times <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (since 1893), <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> have been used to record Pali.</p><br /><p>Since the 19th Century, Pali has also been written in the Roman script. An alternate scheme devised by <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> allows for typing without <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> using plain <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> methods, but is arguably less readable than the standard <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> system, which uses <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> marks.</p><br /><p>The Pali alphabetical order is as follows:</p><br /><ul><br /><li><b>a ā i ī u ū e o ṁ k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l ḷ v s h</b></li><br /></ul><br /><p><b>ḷh</b>, although a single sound, is written with ligature of <b>ḷ</b> and <b>h</b>.</p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_transliteration_on_computers">Pali transliteration on computers</span></h3><br /><p>There are several fonts to use for Pali transliteration. However, older ASCII fonts such as Leedsbit PaliTranslit, Times_Norman, Times_CSX+, Skt Times, Vri RomanPali CN/CB etc., are not recommendable since they are not compatible with one another and technically out of date. On the contrary, fonts based on the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> standard are recommended because Unicode seems to be the future for all fonts and also because they are easily portable to one another.</p><br /><p>However, not all Unicode fonts contain the necessary characters. To properly display all the diacritic marks used for romanized Pali (or for that matter, Sanskrit), a Unicode font must contain the following character ranges:</p><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><ul><br /><li>Basic Latin: U+0000 – U+007F</li><br /><li>Latin-1 Supplement: U+0080 – U+00FF</li><br /><li>Latin Extended-A: U+0100 – U+017F</li><br /><li>Latin Extended-B: U+0180 – U+024F</li><br /><li>Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00 – U+1EFF</li><br /></ul><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><p>Some Unicode fonts freely available for typesetting Romanized Pali are as follows:</p><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> recommends <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> for Windows and Linux Computers.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> recommends <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, and provides links to several Unicode diacritic <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> fonts usable for typing Pali together with ratings and installation instructions. It also provides <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> for typing diacritics in OpenOffice and MS Office.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> provides <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> fonts. Of them, Charis SIL, Gentium Basic and Gentium Book Basic have all 4 styles (regular, italic, bold, bold-italic); so can provide publication quality typesetting.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> provides the Linux Libertine font (4 serif styles and many Opentype features) and Linux Biolinum (4 sans-serif styles) at the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (short for Junius-Unicode) is a Unicode font for medievalists, but it provides all diacritics for typing Pali. It has 4 styles and some Opentype features such as Old Style for numerals.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (Polish TeX User Group) provides <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> and <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> fonts. Each font has 4 styles, with the former finding most acceptance among the LaTeX users while the latter is a relatively new family. Of the latter, each typeface in the following families has nearly 1250 glyphs and is available in PostScript, TeX and OpenType formats.<br /><ul><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Adventor family of sans serif fonts is based on the URW Gothic L family. The original font, ITC Avant Garde Gothic was designed by Herb Lubalin and Tom Carnase in 1970.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Bonum family of serif fonts is based on the URW Bookman L family. The original font was designed by Alexander Phemister in 1860 and named Bookman (or Bookman Old Style).</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Chorus is a font based on the URW Chancery L Medium Italic font. The original, ITC Zapf Chancery, was designed in 1979 by Hermann Zapf.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Cursor family of monospace serif fonts is based on the URW Nimbus Mono L family. The original font, Courier, was designed by Howard G. (Bud) Kettler in 1955.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Heros family of sans serif fonts is based on the URW Nimbus Sans L family. The original font, Helvetica, was designed in 1957 by Max Miedinger.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Pagella family of serif fonts is based on the URW Palladio L family. The original font, Palatino, was designed by Hermann Zapf in the 1940's.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Schola family of serif fonts is based on the URW Century Schoolbook L family. The original was designed by Morris Fuller Benton in 1919.</li><br /><li>The TeX Gyre Termes family of serif fonts is based on the Nimbus Roman No9 L family. The original font, Times, was designed by Stanley Morison together with Starling Burgess and Victor Lardent.</li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /></ul><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><dl><br /><dd><br /><ul><br /><li>John Smith provides <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> Opentype fonts, based upon URW++ fonts. Of them:<br /><ul><br /><li>IndUni-C is Courier-lookalike;</li><br /><li>IndUni-H is Helvetica-lookalike;</li><br /><li>IndUni-N is New Century Schoolbook-lookalike;</li><br /><li>IndUni-P is Palatino-lookalike;</li><br /><li>IndUni-T is Times-lookalike;</li><br /><li>IndUni-CMono is Courier-lookalike but monospaced;</li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li>An English Buddhist monk titled Bhikkhu Pesala provides some <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> he has designed himself. Of them:<br /><ul><br /><li><i>Akkhara</i> is a derivative of Gentium with low profile accents, reduced line-spacing and high accents prevented from getting clipped. Maths symbols are the same width as figures. The additional arrows, symbols, and dingbats are designed to match the Caps height.Regular & Italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Cankama</i> is a Gothic, Black Letter script. Regular style only.</li><br /><li><i>Garava</i> was designed for body text with a generous x-height and economical copyfit. It includes Small Caps, Bold Small Caps, and Heavy styles besides the usual four styles (regular, italic, bold, bold italic).</li><br /><li><i>Guru</i> is another font family for body text with OpenType features. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Hattha</i> is a hand-writing font. Regular, italic, and bold styles.</li><br /><li><i>Kabala</i> is a distinctive Sans Serif typeface designed for display text or headings. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Lekhana</i> is a Zapf Chancery clone, a flowing script that can be used for correspondence or body text. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Mandala</i> is designed for display text or headings. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Pali</i> is a clone of Hermann Zapf’s Palatino. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>Odana</i> is a calligraphic brush font suitable for headlines, titles, or short texts where a less formal appearance is wanted. Regular style only.</li><br /><li><i>Talapanna</i> and <i>Talapatta</i> are clones of Goudy Bertham, with decorative gothic capitals and extra ligatures in the Private Use Area. These two are different only in decorative gothic capitals in the Private Use Area. Regular and bold styles.</li><br /><li><i>Veluvana</i> is another brush calligraphic font but basic Greek glyphs are taken from <i>Guru</i>. Regular style only.</li><br /><li><i>Verajja</i> is derived from Bitstream Vera. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li><i>VerajjaPDA</i> is a cut-down version of <i>Verajja</i> without symbols. For use on PDA devices. Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.</li><br /><li>He also provides some <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> for Windows XP.</li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of Alanwood's Unicode Resources have links to several general purpose fonts that can be used for Pali typing if they cover the character ranges above.</li><br /></ul><br /></dd><br /></dl><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pali_text_in_ASCII">Pali text in ASCII</span></h3><br /><p>The <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> was originally developed in 1991 by Frans Velthuis for use with his "devnag" <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> font, designed for the <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> typesetting system. This system of representing Pali diacritical marks has been used in some websites and discussion lists. However, as the Web itself and email software slowly evolve towards the Unicode encoding standard, this system has become almost not necessary and obsolete.</p><br /><p>The following table compares various conventional renderings and shortcut key assignments:</p><br /><table class="wikitable"><br /><tr><br /><th>character</th><br /><th>ASCII rendering</th><br /><th>character name</th><br /><th>Unicode number</th><br /><th>key combination</th><br /><th>HTML code</th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ā</td><br /><td>aa</td><br /><td>a macron</td><br /><td>U+0101</td><br /><td>Alt+A</td><br /><td>&#257;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ī</td><br /><td>ii</td><br /><td>i macron</td><br /><td>U+012B</td><br /><td>Alt+I</td><br /><td>&#299;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ū</td><br /><td>uu</td><br /><td>u macron</td><br /><td>U+016B</td><br /><td>Alt+U</td><br /><td>&#363;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ṃ</td><br /><td>.m</td><br /><td>m dot-under</td><br /><td>U+1E43</td><br /><td></td><br /><td>&#7745;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ṇ</td><br /><td>.n</td><br /><td>n dot-under</td><br /><td>U+1E47</td><br /><td>Alt+N</td><br /><td>&#7751;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ñ</td><br /><td>~n</td><br /><td>n tilde</td><br /><td>U+00F1</td><br /><td>Alt+Ctrl+N</td><br /><td>&ntilde;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ṭ</td><br /><td>.t</td><br /><td>t dot-under</td><br /><td>U+1E6D</td><br /><td>Alt+T</td><br /><td>&#7789;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ḍ</td><br /><td>.d</td><br /><td>d dot-under</td><br /><td>U+1E0D</td><br /><td>Alt+D</td><br /><td>&#7693;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ṅ</td><br /><td>"n</td><br /><td>n dot-over</td><br /><td>U+1E45</td><br /><td>Ctrl+N</td><br /><td>&#7749;</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td align="center">ḷ</td><br /><td>.l</td><br /><td>l dot-under</td><br /><td>U+1E37</td><br /><td>Alt+L</td><br /><td>&#7735;</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Hazra, Kanai Lal. <i>Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.</i> D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 19.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Students' Britannica India, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Oberlies, Thomas <i>Pali: A Grammar of the Language of the <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Theravāda Tipiṭaka</span></i>, Walter de Gruyter, 2001.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> K.R. Norman, <i>Pali Literature.</i> Otto Harrassowitz, 1983, pages 1-7.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Hazra, Kanai Lal. <i>Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.</i> D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 11.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Hazra, Kanai Lal. <i>Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.</i> D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, pages 1-44.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Hazra, Kanai Lal. <i>Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.</i> D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 29.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Bhikkhu Bodhi, <i>In the Buddha's Words.</i> Wisdom Publications, 2005, page 10.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Hazra, Kanai Lal. <i>Pali Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study.</i> D.K. Printworld Lrd., New Delhi, 1994, page 20.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, <i>Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.</i> SUNY Press, 1986, page 19. The author refers specifically to the thought of early Buddhism here.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> <i>Dispeller of Delusion</i>, Pali Text Society, volume II, pages 127f</li><br /><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> Robert Caesar Childers, <i>A Dictionary of the Pali Language.</i> Published by Trübner, 1875, pages xii-xiv. Republished by Asian Educational Services, 1993.</li><br /><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b> <i>Inscriptions of Asoka</i> by Alexander Cunningham, Eugen Hultzsch. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta: 1877</li><br /></ol><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li>See entries for "Pali" (written by <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> of the Pali Text Society) and "India--Buddhism" in <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion</i>, (Sawyer ed.) <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><span class="citation book"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (1991). <i>Introduction to Pali</i> (third edition ed.). <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Pali&rft.aulast=Warder&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Warder%2C%26%2332%3BA.K.&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=third+edition&rft.pub=%5B%5BPali+Text+Society%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0860131971&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li><span class="citation book">de Silva, Lily (1994). <i>Pali Primer</i> (first edition ed.). Vipassana Research Institute Publications. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali+Primer&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=de+Silva%2C%26%2332%3BLily&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=first+edition&rft.pub=Vipassana+Research+Institute+Publications&rft.isbn=817414014X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li><span class="citation book">Müller, Edward (1884,1995). <i>Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simplified+Grammar+of+the+Pali+Language&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C%26%2332%3BEdward&rft.date=1884%2C1995&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.isbn=8120611039&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>Gupta, K. M. (2006). <i>Linguistic approach to meaning in Pali</i>. New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li>Müller, E. (2003). <i>The Pali language: a simplified grammar</i>. Trubner's collection of simplified grammars. London: Trubner. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li>Oberlies, T., & Pischel, R. (2001). <i>Pāli: a grammar of the language of the <span lang="sinh-Latn" title="ISO transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sinh-Latn">Theravāda Tipiṭaka</span></i>. Indian philology and South Asian studies, v. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li>Hazra, K. L. (1994). <i>Pāli language and literature: a systematic survey and historical study</i>. Emerging perceptions in Buddhist studies, no. 4-5. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li>American National Standards Institute. (1979). <i>American National Standard system for the romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali</i>. New York: The Institute.</li><br /><li>Russell Webb (ed.) <i>An Analysis of the Pali Canon,</i> Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy; 1975, 1991 (see <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>)</li><br /><li>Soothill, W. E., & Hodous, L. (1937). <i>A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index</i>. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.</li><br /><li>Collins, Steven (2006). <i>A Pali Grammar for Students</i>. Silkworm Press.</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""><br /><tr><br /><td class="mbox-image"><br /><div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></div><br /></td><br /><td class="mbox-text" style="">This article's use of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>may not follow Wikipedia's <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> or <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b>. Please <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> by removing excessive and inappropriate external links or by converting links into <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. <small><i>(December 2009)</i></small></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><div class="infobox sisterproject"><br /><div style="float: left;"><br /><div class="floatnone"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></div><br /><div style="margin-left: 60px;"><i><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></b></i> of <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, the free encyclopedia</div><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li>Pali Text Society, London. <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>. Chipstead, 1921-1925.</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> Free searchable online database of Pali literature, including the whole Canon</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> Eisel Mazard's excellent website on Pali resources, including<br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>, HTML version of the book by G.P. Malalasekera, 1937-8</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> audio lectures by <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> based on Gair & Karunatilleke (1998).</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> Pali Conjugation and Declension Tables for Students</li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>Comprehensive Reference Table of Pali Literature</li><br /></ul><br /><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><br /><tr><br /><td style="padding:2px;"><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><br /><div class="noprint 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href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Contemporary languages</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b>European influence:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Scripts</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> • <b><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>:</b> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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/><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><strong class="selflink">Pāli</strong> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";;background:#D8FEB3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Eastern</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; background:#f7f7f7;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">North<br /><br />western</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Southern</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.05em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Western</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";;background:#B0FD66;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:105%;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";;background:#D8FEB3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:100%;">Old<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> Middle</span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Old</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Western</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Eastern</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Middle</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Western</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Eastern</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";;background:#D8FEB3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:100%;">Modern</span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Western</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Eastern</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;">Unclassified</td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;background:#f7f7f7;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";;background:#B0FD66;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> </div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:100%;">Other Indo-Iranian languages</span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#D8FEB3; text-align:center; width:6.0em;;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#D8FEB3; font-weight:normal; width:6.75em;;"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Others</div><br /></td><br /><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 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href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> (<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a>: (<span lang="sa-Latn" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" xml:lang="sa-Latn"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></span> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span 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/></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv166 in 0.059 secs. --><br /></div></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-50398758722875408492010-03-13T13:06:00.009-08:002010-03-13T13:06:33.586-08:00Irene Papas<div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><br /><head><br /><title>Irene Papas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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media="all" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&maxage=2678400&gen=css" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><!--[if lt IE 7]><br /> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--><br /><br /><br /></head><br /><body class="mediawiki ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Irene_Papas skin-monobook"><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Irene Papas</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">wen.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <div class="dablink">For the Greek Australian actress, see <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>.</div><br /><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;"><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%; background:khaki;">Irene Papas</th><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; text-align:left;">Born</th><br /><td class="" style="">Irene Lelekou<br /><br />September 3, 1926 <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-09-03</span>)</span> <span class="noprint">(age 83)</span><br /><br /><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; text-align:left;">Years active</th><br /><td class="" style="">1949–2003</td><br /></tr><br /><tr class=""><br /><th style="text-align:left; text-align:left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th><br /><td class="" style=""><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thefreedictionary-com">bankotsar.co.il</a> (1943–1947) (divorced)</td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><b>Irene Papas</b> (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoogy-co-il">zoogy.co.il</a> Ειρήνη Παππά; born September 3, 1926) is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-imesh-com">imesh.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telegraph-co-uk">telegraph.co.uk</a> and occasional <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-netvision-net-il">netvision.net.il</a>, who has starred in over seventy <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pornorama-com">pornorama.com</a> in a career spanning more than fifty years.</p><br /><table id="toc" class="toc"><br /><tr><br /><td><br /><div id="toctitle"><br /><h2>Contents</h2><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kab-co-il">kab.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazon-co-uk">amazon.co.uk</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-marketgid-com">marketgid.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bsex-co-il">bsex.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-total-media-net">total-media.net</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-httpshare-net">httpshare.net</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-titanpoker-com">titanpoker.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-olsale-co-il">olsale.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2><br /><p>Irene Papas was born <b>Irini Lelekou</b> (Ειρήνη Λελέκου) in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livecity-co-il">livecity.co.il</a> outside <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hydepark-co-il">hydepark.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-weather-com">weather.com</a>. In an interview, after the death of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-janglo-net">janglo.net</a>, Papas said that she had had an affair with the American actor in the past and that they had remained "close friends" until the end. She sits on the board of directors of the Anna-Marie Foundation along with members of Greece's deposed royal family.<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hoogel-co-il">hoogel.co.il</a></p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaporn-com">megaporn.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span></h2><br /><p>Papas began her early career in Greece (she was discovered by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bwoman-co-il">bwoman.co.il</a>), achieving widespread fame there, before starring in internationally renowned films such as <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idf-il">idf.il</a></i> and <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tzafonet-org-il">tzafonet.org.il</a></i>, and critically acclaimed films such as <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-warriorforum-com">warriorforum.com</a></i> and <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-googleusercontent-com">googleusercontent.com</a></i>. She is a leading figure in cinematic transcriptions of ancient tragedy since she has portrayed <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexadir-co-il">sexadir.co.il</a> in <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bamarom-co-il">bamarom.co.il</a></i>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-next-net-co-il">next-net.co.il</a> in <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idc-ac-il">idc.ac.il</a></i>, and the eponymous parts in <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-elance-com">elance.com</a></i> and <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isracard-co-il">isracard.co.il</a></i>. She appeared as <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymail-co-uk">dailymail.co.uk</a> in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sportenter-co-il">sportenter.co.il</a></i>, opposite <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isoc-org-il">isoc.org.il</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-planetnana-co-il">planetnana.co.il</a> in 1969. She was a close friend of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-atzuma-co-il">atzuma.co.il</a>, with whom she co-starred in <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ibm-com">ibm.com</a>.</i> Hepburn once said that Papas was "one of the best actresses in the history of cinema".</p><br /><p>In 1977, she starred in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-madonna-co-il">madonna.co.il</a></i> (also known as <i>The Message</i>) about the origin of Islam, and the message of prophet Mohammad. She most recently appeared in the film, <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bin-co-il">bin.co.il</a></i>, and is currently working in theatre in <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrents-ru">torrents.ru</a>. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-habama-co-il">habama.co.il</a> was a huge admirer of her work.</p><br /><p>In 1979, Papas collaborated with composer <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-emap-co-il">emap.co.il</a> in an electronic rendition of eight Greek folk songs, issued as a record called "Odes". They collaborated again in 1983 for "Rhapsodies", an electronic rendition of seven Byzantine liturgical hymns.</p><br /><p>In 1982, she appeared in the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adira-co-il">adira.co.il</a></i>, together with <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hometheater-co-il">hometheater.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ultimate-guitar-com">ultimate-guitar.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-441il-com">441il.com</a>, and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-efind-co-il">efind.co.il</a>.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thecage-co-il">thecage.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="International_awards_and_honours">International awards and honours</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>1961: Antigone film</li><br /><li>1962: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shin1-co-il">shin1.co.il</a> (Best Actress, for the film <i>Elektra</i>) — won</li><br /><li>1962: Union of Greek Film Critics (Best Actress, for the film <i>Elektra</i>) — won</li><br /><li>1969: New York Film Critics Circle (Best Supporting Actress, for the film <i>Z</i>) — nominated</li><br /><li>1971: National Board of Review (Best Actress, for the film <i>The Trojan Women</i>) — won</li><br /><li>1985: Fennecus Awards (Best Actress in a limited role, for the film <i>Into the Night</i>) — nominated</li><br /><li>1989: Australian Film Institute (Best Actress, for the film <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-leumi-card-co-il">leumi-card.co.il</a></i>) — nominated</li><br /><li>1993: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-empflix-com">empflix.com</a> (Distinguished Achievement Award) — won</li><br /><li>1993: Flaiano Prize for Theatre (Career Award) — won</li><br /><li>2000: Madrid National Arts Institution (Career Award) — won</li><br /><li>2000: International Festival Women’s films (Career Award) — won</li><br /><li>2001: University of Rome (Doctorate in Arts and Letters) — won</li><br /><li>2002: Woman of Europe Award (Career Award) — won</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-outbrain-com">outbrain.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Appearances_as_singer">Appearances as singer</span></h2><br /><p>One of the more unusual moments in Papas' career came in 1970, when she guested on the album <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sidereel-com">sidereel.com</a></i> by Greek rock group <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-013netvision-net-il">013netvision.net.il</a> on the track "∞" (<i>infinity</i>). She chants "I was, I am, I am to come" repeatedly and wildly over a percussive backing. The track was considered lewd by record company executives, and resulted in the album being withheld from release for two years by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mof-gov-il">mof.gov.il</a> Records. Upon its release in 1972, the song caused some furor in Greece and was again accused of lewdness and indecency by Greek religious figures and government authorities.</p><br /><p>In 1979, Polydor released her solo album entitled <i><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blackhatworld-com">blackhatworld.com</a></i>, with music performed (and partly composed) by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogcatalog-com">blogcatalog.com</a> Papathanassiou (also previously a member of Aphrodite's Child). The words for the album were co-written by Arianna Stassinopoulos (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vimeo-com">vimeo.com</a>).</p><br /><p>In 1986 Papas released a further album in collaboration with Vangelis, entitled <i>Rhapsodies</i> (Polydor CD 829 413-2).</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hostgator-com">hostgator.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Quotations">Quotations</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>"Falling in love is like death... they are both facts".</li><br /><li>"<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbcdn-net">fbcdn.net</a> was a star. I am a struggling actress".</li><br /><li>"I never wanted to play sensational parts, or those of desirable women. I wanted to play me... the independent fighter...".</li><br /><li>"I never won an Oscar... and the Oscars never won Irene Papas".</li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamer-co-il">gamer.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><div class="references-small"></div><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-court-gov-il">court.gov.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adasha-co-il">adasha.co.il</a> at the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazonaws-com">amazonaws.com</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tik-tak-co-il">tik-tak.co.il</a> at the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sratimo-net">sratimo.net</a></li><br /></ul><br /><table id="persondata" class="persondata" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-orbita-co-il">orbita.co.il</a></th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">NAME</td><br /><td>Papas, Irene</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">ALTERNATIVE NAMES</td><br /><td>Lelekou, Irene</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">SHORT DESCRIPTION</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nifgashim-net">nifgashim.net</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">DATE OF BIRTH</td><br /><td>1926-9-3</td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">PLACE OF BIRTH</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-satla-zone-co-il">satla-zone.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nowdownloadall-com">nowdownloadall.com</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tog-co-il">tog.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">DATE OF DEATH</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">PLACE OF DEATH</td><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 1964/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 6275/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 1976/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:436146-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100313021040 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a 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xml:lang="en"><br /> <br /> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-888-com">888.com</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-narod-ru">narod.ru</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hardsextube-com">hardsextube.com</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-history"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-online-co-il">fibi-online.co.il</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"><br /> <h5>Personal tools</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mybrowserbar-com">mybrowserbar.com</a></li><br /> <li id="pt-login"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bizmakebiz-co-il">bizmakebiz.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-de">ebay.de</a><br /> </div><br /> <br /> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-navigation'><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Navigation</h5><br /> <div class='pBody'><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-getdate-co-il">getdate.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-co-uk">ebay.co.uk</a></li><br /> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stars-co-il">stars.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">tagged.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-search" class="portlet"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en"><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5><br /> <div id="searchBody" class="pBody"><br /> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"><br /> <input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/><br /> <input id="searchInput" title="Search Wikipedia" accesskey="f" value="" name="search" /><br /> <input type='submit' name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" /> <br /> <input type='submit' name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" /><br /> </form><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-interaction'><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Interaction</h5><br /> <div class='pBody'><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">wareseeker.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-portal"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contact"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tagged-com">cellxl.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">dstudent.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-help"><a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">27boat</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Toolbox</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://27bird.blogspot.com/">27bird</a></li><br /> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://smelofgood.blogspot.com/">smelofgood.blogspot.com/</a></li><br /><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://27boat.blogspot.com">lambada</a></li><br /><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://27bird.blogspot.com">lambada</a></li><br /> <li id="t-print"><a href="http://smelofgood.blogspot.com ">tornado</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://27stingrays.blogspot.com ">well well well</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="http://27kipod.blogspot.com ">kol hazman</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-lang" class="portlet"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Languages</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://tokipnt971.blogspot.com">נתון</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-bg"><a href="http://topilapa.blogspot.com">רגע נתון</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://popaipot.blogspot.com">לפני הספירה</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-el"><a href="http://tanzaniat313.blogspot.com">zman and zman</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מרק אפונה</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">אפונה</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-gl"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מרק</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מרקים</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-ka"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מרק</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצל</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">בצל</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מרק בצך</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">ציר בשר</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפי עוף ברוטב צ'ילי</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפי עוף</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> <div id="footer"><br /> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">כנפיים</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק אפונה</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 10 March 2010 at 23:16.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/afuna">מתכון למרק</a><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim">מתכון למרק</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון למרק בצל</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/marakim/onion">מתכון לבצל</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://matkon.mifrasim.co.il/chicken/chili">מתכון לכנפי עוף</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">mifrasim</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv134 in 0.043 secs. --></body></html><br /></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-63877351863980394052010-03-13T13:06:00.007-08:002010-03-13T13:06:28.826-08:00Ceratochilus<div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><br /><head><br /><title>Ceratochilus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><br /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratochilus&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ceratochilus&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" /><br /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><br /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" /><br /><link rel="copyright" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Wikipedia RSS Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=rss" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/shared.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="print" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/main.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/chick/main.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><br /><!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/IE50Fixes.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><br /><!--[if IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/IE55Fixes.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><br /><!--[if IE 6]><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/IE60Fixes.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><br /><!--[if IE 7]><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/IE70Fixes.css?257z23" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Print.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="print" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Handheld.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&maxage=2678400&gen=css" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><!--[if lt IE 7]><br /> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--><br /><br /><br /></head><br /><body class="mediawiki ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Ceratochilus skin-monobook"><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vins-co-il">vins.co.il</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><i>Ceratochilus</i></h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zvz-co-il">zvz.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lamed-co-il">lamed.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px"><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #90EE90"><i>Ceratochilus</i></th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-blogli-co-il">blogli.co.il</a></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Ceratochilus biglandulosus</i></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #90EE90"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-travians-com">travians.com</a></th><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Kingdom:</td><br /><td><span class="kingdom"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shareasale-com">shareasale.com</a></span><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>(unranked):</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-infolinks-com">infolinks.com</a><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>(unranked):</td><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brazzers-com">brazzers.com</a><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Order:</td><br /><td><span class="order"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mashable-com">mashable.com</a></span><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Family:</td><br /><td><span class="family"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-netex-co-il">netex.co.il</a></span><br /></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td>Genus:</td><br /><td><span class="genus"><i><b>Ceratochilus</b></i></span><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><p><i><b>Ceratochilus</b></i> is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bezeq-co-il">bezeq.co.il</a> of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-down-co-il">down.co.il</a> from the orchid family, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ucoz-ru">ucoz.ru</a>.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mitchatnim-co-il">mitchatnim.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-schooly-co-il">schooly.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webs-com">webs.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (1999). Genera Orchidacearum 1. Oxford Univ. Press.</li><br /><li>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2001). Genera Orchidacearum 2. Oxford Univ. Press.</li><br /><li>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. (2003). Genera Orchidacearum 3. Oxford Univ. Press</li><br /><li>Berg Pana, H. 2005. <i>Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee</i>. Ulmer, Stuttgart</li><br /></ul><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"><br /><tr><br /><td class="mbox-image"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesplanet-co-il">yesplanet.co.il</a></td><br /><td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-php-net">php.net</a></b></i></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><i>This</i> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-colman-ac-il">colman.ac.il</a><i>-related article is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hp-com">hp.com</a>. 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/></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-37232918334684451582010-03-13T13:06:00.005-08:002010-03-13T13:06:24.341-08:00Tupilaq<div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><br /><head><br /><title>Tupilaq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><br /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tupilaq&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tupilaq&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" 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href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jdate-co-il">jdate.co.il</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Tupilaq</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-thepiratebay-org">thepiratebay.org</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digg-com">digg.com</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <p>In <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-com">mozilla.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-homeless-co-il">homeless.co.il</a> (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cellcom-co-il">cellcom.co.il</a>) <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-idown-me">idown.me</a>, a <b>tupilaq</b> (<b>tupilak</b> or <i>ᑐᐱᓚᒃ</i><sup id="cite_ref-livingdict_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bbc-co-uk">bbc.co.uk</a></sup>) was an avenging monster fabricated by a practitioner of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-redtube-com">redtube.com</a> or <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-beok-co-il">beok.co.il</a> by using various objects such as animal parts (bone, hair, etc...) and even parts taken from the corpses of children. The creature was given life by ritualistic <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cnn-com">cnn.com</a>. It was then placed into the sea to seek and destroy a specific enemy.</p><br /><p>The use of a tupilaq was risky, however, because if it was sent to destroy someone who had greater magical powers than the one who had formed it, it could be sent back to kill its maker instead,<sup id="cite_ref-rebound_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-ru">google.ru</a></sup> although the maker of tupilaq could escape by public confession of his/her own deed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mynet-co-il">mynet.co.il</a></sup></p><br /><p>Because tupilaqs were made in secret, in isolated places and from perishable materials, none have been preserved. Early <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-download-com">download.com</a> visitors to Greenland, fascinated by the native legend, were eager to see what tupilaqs looked like so the Inuit began to carve representations of them out of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-farmville-com">farmville.com</a>.</p><br /><p>Today, tupilaqs of many different shapes and sizes are carved from various materials such as <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-b144-co-il">b144.co.il</a> and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rest-co-il">rest.co.il</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-triviali-com">triviali.com</a>, wood and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myfirsthomepage-co-il">myfirsthomepage.co.il</a> antler. They are an important part of Greenlandic <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-alarab-net">alarab.net</a> and are highly prized as collectibles.</p><br /><table id="toc" class="toc"><br /><tr><br /><td><br /><div id="toctitle"><br /><h2>Contents</h2><br /></div><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-atraf-co-il">atraf.co.il</a><br /><ul><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-moomoo-co-il">moomoo.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-filestube-com">filestube.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rambler-ru">rambler.ru</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelweather-co-il">israelweather.co.il</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-z5x-net">z5x.net</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-answers-com">answers.com</a></li><br /><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-files-wordpress-com">files.wordpress.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-articles-co-il">articles.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Publicity_versus_secrecy">Publicity versus secrecy</span></h2><br /><p>As mentioned above, tupilaqs were made in secret; and making a tupilaq was risky to its own maker if the attacked person made it rebound: in this case, public confession was the only rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-rebound_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fresh-co-il">fresh.co.il</a></sup> The magic consequences of situations of concealment, and the neutralizing effect of public confession was believed also in several other areas of life, thus, this is an example of the more general topic of secrecy versus publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israrail-org-il">israrail.org.il</a></sup></p><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sratim-co-il">sratim.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Concealment">Concealment</span></h3><br /><p>Concealment or secrecy could raise magic consequences in several areas of life:</p><br /><ul><br /><li>Concealed miscarriage or infanticide could give birth to a monster called <i>anngiaq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nytimes-com">nytimes.com</a></sup></li><br /><li>It could make harm for the community if somebody concealed his/her <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-seret-co-il">seret.co.il</a> breach.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-openu-ac-il">openu.ac.il</a></sup></li><br /><li>Secrecy was also preliminary for the functioning of so-called <i>formulae</i> (texts or songs used like <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vkontakte-ru">vkontakte.ru</a> or <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaupload-com">megaupload.com</a> in danger, need, hunt, practical everyday situations).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clicksor-com">clicksor.com</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-paypal-com">paypal.com</a></sup></li><br /></ul><br /><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-f2h-co-il">f2h.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Neutralizing_effect_of_public_confession">Neutralizing effect of public confession</span></h3><br /><p>Thus, concealment was a preliminary for several magical effects. If this was broken, unintentionally or intentionally, the effect could lose its power.</p><br /><ul><br /><li>The <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aol-com">aol.com</a> resolved the consequence of taboo breach by achieving public confession of the breacher.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torec-net">torec.net</a></sup></li><br /><li>Hunting means killing, and animals were believed to have <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-reader-co-il">reader.co.il</a> as well. Efforts were made to avoid the revenge taken by the game and to please the game symbolically.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sex4free-co-il">sex4free.co.il</a></sup> Such would be the danger inherent in the first kill of a boy and it was "neutralized" by a public ritual, in which the each adult member of the community had to make an incision into the head of the game, or ate a piece from it. Thus, the belief was, that public partaking in a dangerous thing reduces the danger, that is it has a neutralizing effect.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-movinsane-com">movinsane.com</a></sup></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shaveh-co-il">shaveh.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Meanings_of_the_same_term_in_various_Inuit_cultures">Meanings of the same term in various Inuit cultures</span></h2><br /><p>Eskimo cultures were far from being alike, although there were some similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-newsru-co-il">newsru.co.il</a></sup> Similarly to <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shiron-net">shiron.net</a>, also the tupilaq concept had variants. It might be a man-made object, a ghost-like being or a haunting soul. In some cultures it was exactly the shaman who had to deal with it.</p><br /><p>Such distant groups like the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ezinearticles-com">ezinearticles.com</a>, Greenland Inuit, Iglulingmiut (<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-toto-org-il">toto.org.il</a> Inuit) and <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelpost-co-il">israelpost.co.il</a> knew the concept of <i>tupilaq</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fastbrowsersearch-com">fastbrowsersearch.com</a></sup> But the details differed:</p><br /><dl><br /><dt>Iglulik</dt><br /><dd>The tupilaq was an invisible ghost. Only the shaman could notice it. It was the soul of a dead person, which became restless because the breach of some death taboo. It scared game away from the vicinity. Thus, the shaman had to help by scaring it away with a knife.<sup id="cite_ref-tupilak_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yo-yoo-co-il">yo-yoo.co.il</a></sup></dd><br /><dt>Caribou Inuit</dt><br /><dd>The tupilaq was also an invisible being. Like at Iglulik, also the shaman was the only one who could see it. It was a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-10bis-co-il">10bis.co.il</a>-like creature, with human head and parts from different species of animals. It was dangerous, it might attack the settlement. Then, the shaman had to combat it and devour it with his/her helping spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-tupilak_12-1" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pelephone-co-il">pelephone.co.il</a></sup></dd><br /><dt>Greenland</dt><br /><dd>The tupilaq was manifested in real, human-made object. It was made by people to the detriment of their enemies. It was a puppet-like thing, but was thought of have magical power onto the victim. It might be made e.g. of mixed parts of dead animals and dead children.<sup id="cite_ref-tupilak_12-2" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tau-ac-il">tau.ac.il</a></sup></dd><br /><dt>Copper Inuit</dt><br /><dd>To the Copper Inuit the tupilaq was similar to the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-archive-org">archive.org</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-webkinz-com">webkinz.com</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-inn-co-il">inn.co.il</a></sup></dd><br /></dl><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-techcrunch-com">techcrunch.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-debka-co-il">debka.co.il</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-espn-go-com">espn.go.com</a></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yesno-co-il">yesno.co.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><br /><ol class="references"><br /><li id="cite_note-livingdict-0"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-gamespot-com">gamespot.com</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-k-co-il">k.co.il</a>. <i>Asuilaak Living Dictionary</i><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kidstv-co-il">kidstv.co.il</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-12-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=tupilak&rft.atitle=Asuilaak+Living+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingdictionary.com%2Fsearch%2FviewResults.jsp%3Flanguage%3Den%26searchString%3Dtupilak%26languageSet%3Dall&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li id="cite_note-rebound-1">^ <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dailymotion-com">dailymotion.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-istockphoto-com">istockphoto.com</a> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 23; Plate XLIII, XLV</li><br /><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikimedia-org">wikimedia.org</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 23, 10</li><br /><li id="cite_note-sec-3">^ <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-deviantart-com">deviantart.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-digitalpoint-com">digitalpoint.com</a> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 10</li><br /><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fbisearchengine-com">fbisearchengine.com</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 14–15</li><br /><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mediafire-com">mediafire.com</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985:9–10</li><br /><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pimp-co-il">pimp.co.il</a></b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-isohunt-com">isohunt.com</a>: 136–137 (= 206, 209 in PDF)</li><br /><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mivzakon-co-il">mivzakon.co.il</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 26, 28</li><br /><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-torrentz-com">torrentz.com</a></b> Burch & Forman 1988: 96</li><br /><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-doctors-co-il">doctors.co.il</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 16</li><br /><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-aweber-com">aweber.com</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 2</li><br /><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-vre-co-il">vre.co.il</a></b> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 22–23</li><br /><li id="cite_note-tupilak-12">^ <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-skype-com">skype.com</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zahav-ru">zahav.ru</a> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-statcounter-com">statcounter.com</a> Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 23</li><br /><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pais-co-il">pais.co.il</a></b> <span class="citation book">Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun, B. Harnum. <i>Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary</i>. Kitikmeot Heritage Society.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inuinnaqtun-English+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Ohokak&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Ohokak%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=M.+Kadlun%2C+B.+Harnum&rft.pub=Kitikmeot+Heritage+Society&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /></ol><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-huji-ac-il">huji.ac.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><span class="citation book">Burch, Ernest S. (junior); Forman, Werner (1988). <i>The Eskimos</i>. Norman, Oklahoma 73018, USA: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hadash-hot-co-il">hadash-hot.co.il</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eskimos&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Ernest+S.+%28junior%29&rft.au=Burch%2C%26%2332%3BErnest+S.+%28junior%29&rft.au=Forman%2C+Werner&rft.date=1988&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma+73018%2C+USA&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.isbn=0-8061-2126-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li><span class="citation book">Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985). <i>Eskimos: Greenland and Canada</i>. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sourceforge-net">sourceforge.net</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskimos%3A+Greenland+and+Canada&rft.aulast=Kleivan&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft.au=Kleivan%2C%26%2332%3BInge&rft.au=B.+Sonne&rft.date=1985&rft.series=Iconography+of+religions%2C+section+VIII%2C+%22Arctic+Peoples%22%2C+fascicle+2&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Institute+of+Religious+Iconography+%E2%80%A2+State+University+Groningen.+E.J.+Brill&rft.isbn=90-04-07160-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li><span class="citation book">Rasmussen, Knud (1927). <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-link4u-co-il">link4u.co.il</a>. New York • London: G.P. Putnams sons<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-keezmovies-com">keezmovies.com</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+Arctic+America&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Knud&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C%26%2332%3BKnud&rft.date=1927&rft.place=New+York+%E2%80%A2+London&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnams+sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrossarcticamer006641mbp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-biu-ac-il">biu.ac.il</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><span class="citation book">Rasmussen, Knud (collected) (1921) (pdf). <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-shvoong-com">shvoong.com</a>. edited and rendered into English by W. Worster, with illustrations by native Eskimo artists. London • Copenhagen: Gyldendal<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clickbank-com">clickbank.com</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eskimo+Folk-Tales&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Knud+%28collected%29&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C%26%2332%3BKnud+%28collected%29&rft.date=1921&rft.place=London+%E2%80%A2+Copenhagen&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdownload%2Feskimofolktales00rasmrich%2Feskimofolktales00rasmrich.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /><li><span class="citation book">Rasmussen, Knud (1927). <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-drushim-co-il">drushim.co.il</a>. New York • London: G.P. Putnams sons<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sex-ly-com">sex-ly.com</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+Arctic+America&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Knud&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C%26%2332%3BKnud&rft.date=1927&rft.place=New+York+%E2%80%A2+London&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnams+sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrossarcticamer006641mbp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tupilaq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><br /></ul><br /><p><br /></p><br /><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><br /><tr><br /><td style="padding:2px;"><br /><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><br /><tr><br /><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><br /><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-nba-com">nba.com</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ims-gov-il">ims.gov.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-typepad-com">typepad.com</a></div><br /></div><br /><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tinypic-com">tinypic.com</a></span></th><br /></tr><br /><tr style="height:2px;"><br /><td></td><br /></tr><br /><tr><br /><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><br /><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Goddesses:</b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lottocash-co-il">lottocash.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mininova-org">mininova.org</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hwzone-co-il">hwzone.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zooloo-co-il">zooloo.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myvod-tv">myvod.tv</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zoomap-co-il">zoomap.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-speedbit-com">speedbit.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mozilla-org">mozilla.org</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cursorinfo-co-il">cursorinfo.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-depositfiles-com">depositfiles.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-edu-negev-gov-il">edu-negev.gov.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ort-org-il">ort.org.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-miniclip-com">miniclip.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-elsf-net">elsf.net</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-net-il">hot.net.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-w3schools-com">w3schools.com</a><br /><br /><b>Gods:</b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ynetnews-com">ynetnews.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-israelinfo-ru">israelinfo.ru</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-assennara-net">assennara.net</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kafe-co-il">kafe.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-awempire-com">awempire.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-t-co-il">t.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stips-co-il">stips.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-imagevenue-com">imagevenue.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hotfile-com">hotfile.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-farfesh-com">farfesh.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sweetim-com">sweetim.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-takdin-co-il">takdin.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stumbleupon-com">stumbleupon.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-technion-ac-il">technion.ac.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stackoverflow-com">stackoverflow.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-freelotto-com">freelotto.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bankisrael-gov-il">bankisrael.gov.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-issta-co-il">issta.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-brothersoft-com">brothersoft.com</a><br /><br /><b>Creatures and Spirits:</b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-neto-net-il">neto.net.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-squidoo-com">squidoo.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-makelove-co-il">makelove.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-click4-co-il">click4.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adsmarket-com">adsmarket.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-letitbit-net">letitbit.net</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-finder-co-il">finder.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-stepashka-us">stepashka.us</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-warez-bb-org">warez-bb.org</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-clalit-co-il">clalit.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-google-es">google.es</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-maccabi-health-co-il">maccabi-health.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-reference-com">reference.com</a> • <strong class="selflink">Tupilaq</strong> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wordpress-org">wordpress.org</a><br /><br /><b>People:</b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-etoro-com">etoro.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-yousex-co-il">yousex.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adultfriendfinder-com">adultfriendfinder.com</a><br /><br /><b>Objects and Terms:</b> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xe-com">xe.com</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livedns-co-il">livedns.co.il</a> • <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-agora-co-il">agora.co.il</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 4397/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 34447/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 11121/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11790167-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100302153134 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-livegames-co-il">livegames.co.il</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-starmed-co-il">starmed.co.il</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-iba-org-il">iba.org.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-cinema-city-co-il">cinema-city.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-streamate-com">streamate.com</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="column-one"><br /> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"><br /> <h5>Views</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <br /> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ivory-co-il">ivory.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dishi-fm">dishi.fm</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xlove-co-il">xlove.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-history"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haifa-ac-il">haifa.ac.il</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"><br /> <h5>Personal tools</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-linkbucks-com">linkbucks.com</a></li><br /> <li id="pt-login"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-europartners-com">europartners.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-kampyle-com">kampyle.com</a><br /> </div><br /> <br /> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-navigation'><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Navigation</h5><br /> <div class='pBody'><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-carsforum-co-il">carsforum.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-onlyu-co-il">onlyu.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-index-co-il">index.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-fibi-co-il">fibi.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mizrahi-tefahot-co-il">mizrahi-tefahot.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-search" class="portlet"><br /> 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href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dan-co-il">dan.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-pocket-co-il">pocket.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-contact"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tami4-bar-co-il">tami4-bar.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zedo-com">zedo.com</a></li><br /> <li id="n-help"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ign-com">ign.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Toolbox</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-myheritage-com">myheritage.com</a></li><br /> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-advmaker-ru">advmaker.ru</a></li><br /><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-notes-co-il">notes.co.il</a></li><br /><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-secureserver-net">secureserver.net</a></li><br /> <li id="t-print"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-co-il">bgu.co.il</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sexooops-com">sexooops.com</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ligdol-co-il">ligdol.co.il</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="p-lang" class="portlet"><br /> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Languages</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul><br /> <li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-surfthechannel-com">surfthechannel.com</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tase-co-il">tase.co.il</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-last-fm">last.fm</a></li><br /> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-validbox-com">validbox.com</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> <div id="footer"><br /> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ikea-co-il">ikea.co.il</a></div><br /> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-articlesbase-com">articlesbase.com</a></div><br /> <ul id="f-list"><br /> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 15 February 2010 at 19:30.<br /></li><br /> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-y8-com">y8.com</a><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-dundb-co-il">dundb.co.il</a>;<br />additional terms may apply.<br />See <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-twitpic-com">twitpic.com</a> for details.<br/><br />Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-lockerz-com">lockerz.com</a>, a non-profit organization.<br /></li><li class="noprint"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ifeel-co-il">ifeel.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wikia-com">wikia.com</a></li><br /> <li id="about"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-btjunkie-org">btjunkie.org</a></li><br /> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ipp-co-il">ipp.co.il</a></li><br /> </ul><br /> </div><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><!-- Served by srv179 in 0.066 secs. --></body></html><br /></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-24792939790108692672010-03-13T13:06:00.003-08:002010-03-13T13:06:19.031-08:00Roncador Cay<div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><br /><head><br /><title>Roncador Cay - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><br /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Roncador_Cay&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Roncador_Cay&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" /><br /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><br /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" /><br /><link rel="copyright" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Wikipedia RSS Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=rss" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/shared.css?257z24" type="text/css" media="screen" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css?257z24" type="text/css" media="print" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" 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href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Print.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="print" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Handheld.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&maxage=2678400&gen=css" type="text/css" media="all" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><!--[if lt IE 7]><br /> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--><br /><br /><br /></head><br /><body class="mediawiki ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Roncador_Cay skin-monobook"><br /> <div id="globalWrapper"><br /> <div id="column-content"><br /> <div id="content"><br /> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-wordpress-com">wordpress.com</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Roncador Cay</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-zap-co-il">zap.co.il</a>, <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-panet-co-il">panet.co.il</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <p><b>Roncador Cay</b> is a small island of the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ebay-com">ebay.com</a>, located in the west <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xtendmedia-com">xtendmedia.com</a>, off the coast of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-sport5-co-il">sport5.co.il</a>, 150 km East-northwest of <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-amazon-com">amazon.com</a>.</p><br /><p>The <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-calcalist-co-il">calcalist.co.il</a> ran aground on a reef off the cay on February 2, 1894, and, being deemed unsalvageable, was declared lost by the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-rapidshare-com">rapidshare.com</a>.</p><br /><p><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-1e100-net">1e100.net</a> and the <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-haaretz-co-il">haaretz.co.il</a> have claimed the cay but the United States supposedly surrendered its claim in a 1972 treaty.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-adserverplus-com">adserverplus.com</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mouse-co-il">mouse.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /><ul><br /><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Spanish)</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megavideo-com">megavideo.com</a></li><br /><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Spanish)</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-goop-co-il">goop.co.il</a></li><br /></ul><br /><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-hot-co-il">hot.co.il</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bit-ly">bit.ly</a></span></span></span></p><br /><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;"><br /><tr><br /><td><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-domina-co-il">domina.co.il</a></td><br /><td><i>This <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-metacafe-com">metacafe.com</a> location article is a <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-showme-co-il">showme.co.il</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-megaclick-com">megaclick.com</a>.</i><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-mapa-co-il">mapa.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-100fm-co-il">100fm.co.il</a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-2eat-co-il">2eat.co.il</a></div><br /></td><br /></tr><br /></table><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 593/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 7497/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 1634/2048000 bytes<br />Expensive parser function count: 0/500<br />--><br /><br /><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5877199-0!1!0!default!!en!4 and timestamp 20100313182546 --><br /><div class="printfooter"><br />Retrieved from "<a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-ning-com">ning.com</a>"</div><br /> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bhol-co-il">bhol.co.il</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-maktoob-com">maktoob.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-education-gov-il">education.gov.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-tlvmedia-com">tlvmedia.com</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-siz-co-il">siz.co.il</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-news1-co-il">news1.co.il</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --><br /> <div class="visualClear"></div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div id="column-one"><br /> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"><br /> <h5>Views</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <br /> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-telebank-co-il">telebank.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-jobnet-co-il">jobnet.co.il</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-bgu-ac-il">bgu.ac.il</a></li><br /> <li id="ca-history"><a href="http://sites.google.com/site/urltranslator/home/www-xnxx-com">xnxx.com</a></li> </ul><br /> </div><br /> </div><br /> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"><br /> <h5>Personal tools</h5><br /> <div class="pBody"><br /> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"><br /> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a 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/></div>lamakahakovahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02001376348563295878noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5983691974513715500.post-7413956920767630082010-03-13T13:06:00.001-08:002010-03-13T13:06:13.563-08:00Kalaleng<div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><br /><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><br /><head><br /><title>Kalaleng - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><br /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><br /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><br /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaleng&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaleng&action=edit" /><br /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" 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href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מפרשים</a><br /> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Kalaleng</h1><br /> <div id="bodyContent"><br /> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><br /> <div id="contentSub"></div><br /> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">שייט</a>, <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ציוד ימי</a></div> <!-- start content --><br /> <p>A <i><b>kalaleng</b></i> is a <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">מרינות</a> made from <a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ימאות</a> from the Philippines.</p><br /><p>Usually around two feet in length a kalaleng has holes cut in the side, to be stopped by the fingers producing the notes. The player closes one nostril with a bit of cotton, then forces the air from the other into a small hold cut in the end of the tube. This instrument is found mostly in the northern Philippines and is popular with all the native mountain tribes of the area. It is a usually decorated with etched patterns.</p><br /><p>The instrument is popular with men and is often used in courting.</p><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">סקיפר</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il">ים</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">השכרת יאכטות</a></li><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">יאכטות להשכרה</a></li><br /></ul><br /><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">להשכיר יאכטות</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><br /><ul><br /><li><a href="http://www.mifrasim.co.il/links/charter">סימונה יאכטה</a></li><br /></ul><br /><br /><br /><!-- <br />NewPP limit report<br />Preprocessor node count: 7/1000000<br />Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br />Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes<br 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